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ANGLE MODULATION
ECE 121/ EE 182

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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ANGLE MODULATION

A type of analog modulation in

which the angle of a sinusoidal
reference function is varied in
accordance with the modulating
signal

 Frequency Modulation
 Phase Modulation

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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General Equation of an ANGLE MODULATED wave:

A sinusoidal carrier is defined as ec (t) = Ec cos ϴc (t)

For an UNMODULATED CARRIER signal, the

total instantaneous angle is:

Hence, ec(t) = Ec cos [ωct + Фc(t) ]

Thus,
Varying the frequency fc Frequency Modulation
Varying the phase Фc Phase Modulation

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

ITU Designation: F3E

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

A system in which the amplitude of

the modulated carrier is kept
constant, while its frequency and
rate of change are varied by the
modulating signal

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

 Major Edwin Howard

Armstrong
 Inventor of the
superheterodyne receiver and
the father modern FM radio
transmission

 Developed the first successful

radio system in June 17, 1936.

 He played a jazz record over

conventional AM radio, then
switched to an FM broadcast.

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION
 Major Edwin Howard
Armstrong
 He financed the first FM radio
station, W2XMN, a 40 kilowatt
broadcaster in Alpine, New
Jersey.
 The signal (at 42.8 MHz) could
be heard clearly 100 miles
(160 km) away, despite the
use of less power than an AM
radio station.
 July 1939, first regularly
scheduled FM broadcast
began.
• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •
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FREQUENCY MODULATION

 Frequency allocation
 87.5 to 108.0 MHz (worldwide)
 76–90 MHz (Japan)
 65–74 MHz(Soviet Countries)

FM is more popular because of its noise

and fidelity advantages over AM

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

 As the amplitude of the information signal varies,

the carrier frequency shifts in proportion.

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

 The carrier frequency varies in proportion to the

amplitude of the audio signal being modulated.

 As the modulating signal increases in

amplitude, the carrier frequency increases.
 As the modulating signal decreases in
amplitude, the carrier frequency decreases.
 The amplitude of the carrier does not change.

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

 A higher information signal frequency

causes the carrier frequency to deviate at a
greater rate.

 The amount of frequency shift is directly

proportional to the maximum amplitude of
the modulating signal.
• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •
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FREQUENCY MODULATION

Frequency Deviation (δ or Δf)

 The amount of change in carrier frequency
produced by the modulating signal.

 Maximum frequency deviation occurs at

the maximum amplitude of the modulating
signal.
Where

  f  kfEm
δ is the peak frequency deviation(Hz)
kf is the deviation sensitivity (Hz/V)
Em is the peak intelligence signal amplitude (V)

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

Peak-to-peak Frequency Deviation

 also called the carrier swing

fp  p  2f  kfEmp  p

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

Modulation Index (mf)

f  kfEm
mf   
fm fm fm
Where

δ is the peak frequency deviation(Hz)

fm is the intelligence frequency (Hz)

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

Percent Modulation

f ( actual)
% modulation  x100
f ( rated)
Where

Δf(actual) is the frequency deviation actually produced

Δf(rated) is the maximum frequency deviation allowed by law

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

FM Equation

eFM(t) = Ec cos [ωc t + mf sin ωm t) ]

kfE m
eFM(t) = Ec cos[ωc t + sin ωm t) ]
fm

eFM(t) = Ec cos[ωc t + sin ωm t) ]
fm

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

Example 1

An FM modulator has a kf=30kHz/V and

operates at a carrier frequency of 175 MHz.
Find the output frequency for an
instantaneous value of the modulating signal
equal to 180 mV.

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

Example 1

An FM modulator has a kf=30kHz/V and

operates at a carrier frequency of 175 MHz.
Find the output frequency for an
instantaneous value of the modulating signal
equal to 180 mV.

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

Example 2

An FM signal has a deviation of 10 kHz and

a modulating frequency of 2 kHz. Calculate
the modulation index.

Example 3

An FM modulator has kf=50kHz/V. Calculate

the deviation and the modulation index for a
3 kHz modulating signal of 2V(RMS).

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

Example 4

An FM signal is defined as
eFM(t) = 35 sin [120 x 106 t + 5 sin 2500 t) ]

Find
a) Carrier frequency
b) Modulation Frequency
c) Modulation Index
d) Frequency deviation
• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •
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FM SPECTRUM

Consider the equation of an FM wave:

eFM(t) = Ec cos [ωc t + mf sin ωm t) ]

FM wave -expanded:

eFM(t) = Ec [cos (ωct) cos (mf sin ωm t) + sin (ωct) sin (mf sin ωm t) ]

When Bessel Functions are used, the signal becomes

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FM SPECTRUM

Table of Bessel Functions

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FM SPECTRUM

The number of sidebands generated depends on the amount of

modulation applied to the carrier, and the amplitudes of the
individual sideband components vary according to Bessel functions
of the first kind and nth order, where the argument to the function
is the modulation index (m).
• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •
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FM SPECTRUM
FM in the frequency domain

Rule of Thumb:

Ignore sidebands with a

Bessel Coefficient
whose absolute
value is less than 0.01
|JN| ≥ 0.01

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FM SPECTRUM

The number of side bands with significant amplitude

depend on the modulation index.

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

Bandwidth

NARROWBAND FM low index m<1 B  2 fm Hz

WIDEBAND FM high index m>10 B  2f Hz

PRACTICAL BANDWIDTH B  2(n x fm) Hz

Where n is the number of significant

sideband pairs

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

Bandwidth
Carson’s Rule approximates the bandwidth
necessary to transmit an angle-modulated wave as
twice the sum of the peak frequency deviation and
the highest-modulating frequency.

B  2(f max  fm (max) )

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

Deviation Ratio
 Worst case modulation index that produces the
widest output frequency spectrum(bandwidth)

f (max)
DR 
fm (max)

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

Average Power
 Total power is equal to the power of the
unmodulated carrier, therefore, the power that was
originally in the unmodulated carrier is redistributed
among the carrier and its sidebands.

2
Vc
Pc  W
2R

Where Pc is the carrier power in W

Vc is the peak unmodulated carrier voltage in V
R is the load resistance in ohms

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

Example 5
An FM signal has a deviation of 3 kHz and a
modulating frequency of 1 kHz. Its total power
is 5W, developed across a 50 Ω resistive load.
The carrier is 160 MHz.
Find
a) RMS signal voltage VT
b) RMS voltage at the carrier frequency and each of the first 3 sets
of sidebands
c) For the 1st 3 sidebands, calculate the frequency of each
sideband
d) Power at the carrier frequency and at each of the sideband
frequencies found in c
e) Sketch the signal in the frequency domain with vertical (dBm)
and horizontal(freq)

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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PHASE MODULATION

ITU Designation: G3E

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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PHASE MODULATION

 A system in which the phase of the

carrier is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal.

ePM (t) = Ec cos [ωc t + mp cos ωm t) ]

ePM (t) = Ec cos[ωc t + kpEm cos ωm t) ]

• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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PHASE MODULATION

ePM(t) = Ec cos[ωc t + kpEm cos ωm t) ]

Peak Phase Deviation and Modulation Index

  mp  kpEm

Instantaneous phase: i (t )  kp Em cos mt

Instantaneous frequency: i (t )  dct  c   ' c (t )
dt
• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •
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• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •

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1. Frequency and phase modulation are essentially

similar to each other.

2. By integrating the modulating or message signal and

passing the result through a phase-modulator, we can
obtain a frequency-modulated (FM) signal.

3. Conversely, by differentiating the modulating or

message signal and passing the result through a
frequency-modulator, we can obtain a phase-
modulated (PM) signal.

4. FM and PM, both have time-varying i.e. instanteneous

phase and frequency.
• ENGR. TANYA G. MOLARTO • ECE 121/EE 182 • MSU-GenSan •
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