BAB 5: SCRAPERS
Introduction:
Definition:
Scraper is large earthmover with the
capability of digging, loading, hauling,
dumping, and spreading material.
Types:
• single engine two-axle or three axle
• twin-engine all-wheel-drive
• different characteristics of rolling
resistance, maneuverability stability, and
speed in operation.
Functions:
• For excavation process.
• For landfills- excavation and filling operations are
taking place simultaneously.
• excellent in hauling and spreading cover material.
Components:
• two sections: the tractor and the scraper.
• The tractor contains the engine, wheels
and the operator’s cab.
• The tractor is connected to the scraper by
a vertical kingpin swivel connection.
• this connection permits turns of 85 to 90
degrees to each side of the center line of
the scraper.
Scraper components:
Three basic operating parts:
• the bowl- a box with rigid sides
• the apron- as a movable front
• and the ejector- as a movable back,
the rear wall of the bowl.
Control levers:
Three basic control levers:
• bowl lever- raises and lowers the bowl.
• apron control lever-
opens and closes the apron, allowing the
required amount of material to enter or be
ejected from.
• ejector lever- forces the dirt out of the bowl.
Scraper levers
Operations:
Four phases of operation:
• loading,
• hauling,
• spreading or unloading, and
• returning to the cut.
Loading
Entering the cut.
Loading the bowl.
Loaded bowl.
Hauling
• After the scraper is fully loaded, raise the
bowl to travel height and proceed to the
fill or dump area.
• The bowl travel height should be no
higher than needed to clear any obstacles
on the haul road.
• A low bowl height allows better control of the
scraper by keeping the center of gravity low and
preventing the loss of time needed to lower the
bowl, as the scraper approaches the fill area.
• The best bowl height is the height at which the
bowl must be in when the load is spread.
• When hauling down steep grades, lower
the bowl until the blade drags to slow the
scraper down.
• When traveling over a slippery haul road,
keep the cutting edges as close to the
road as possible to allow for a fast
emergency stop by dropping the bowl.
• When traveling over haul roads, avoid
holes and large obstacles that may
damage the scraper tires.
• When making sharp turns, allow enough
clearance for the length and width of the
scraper to keep the scraper wheels on the
road.
Spreading or Unloading
• When approaching the fill area, lower or
raise the scraper bowl to the depth of fill
desired.
• To start spreading, raise the apron to
allow the material to fall out of the bowl.
• When the scraper is empty, return the
ejector to the rear of the bowl and lower
the apron.
• Keep the scraper moving while unloading.
• If possible, when traveling out of a fill,
pass back over the area you have just
filled to compact it with the large scraper
tires.
Returning to the Cut
• After the scraper is unloaded, return to
the cut as soon as possible.
• carry the scraper bowl high enough to
avoid any obstacles and low enough for
safe handling
• Carrying the bowl low allows for quick
lowering of the bowl to stop the scraper in
the event of an emergency.
• Allow plenty of room for the rear wheel of
the scraper to avoid obstacles when
making tight turns, and maintain a safe
speed.
