DIFFERENT COMPONENTS FOR

BITUMINOUS MIX DESIGN

MINERAL AGGREGATES BITUMEN

20 mm or larger particle Viscosity grade

10 mm Modified binders

6.3 mm

Stone dust or sand CRMB PMB NRMB

Fillers (cement or lime)

Fibers if any
Recycled materials
 Industrial grade bitumen Viscosity grade bitumen

• Conventional
Bitumen

• Cutback Bitumen Types of Bitumen Emulsions

Bitumen

Modified Bitumen
 Selection of Grade of Bitumen
Choice of Bitumen is based on:
 Climatic Conditions - Maximum & Minimum temperature &
rainfall
 Intensity of Traffic - Number of vehicles per day & axle load of
vehicles

Limitations of Conventional Bitumen

 Brittleness at Low Temperature
 Becomes Soft In Hot Climatic Conditions
 High Temperature Susceptibility
 Susceptible To Deformation (Rutting)
 Fatigue Failure (Cracking)
 Poor Adhesion
 Properties of Bitumen
• Critical conditions during construction and service
– Construction:
• mixing
• spreading  appropriate viscosity
• Compacting

– Service:
• plastic deformation (rutting)
• thermal cracking
• fatigue cracking
• water sensibility
 Present Scenario
 Flexible pavements with bituminous wearing coat are the most
preferred and commonly used type of construction in India,
because of its overall economics and possibility of stage
construction.

 Paving grade bitumen accounts to 90% requirements of binders

 India consumes about four million tons of paving grade bitumen in

a year.

 The quality of bitumen to be used is required to conform to IS: 73-

2006 standards, which are a viscosity, based grading system.
 IS:73-2006 Specifications

Characteristics VG-10 VG-20 VG-30 VG-40 Method

Absolute 800 1600 2400 3200 IS:1206

Viscosity,600C,Poise,min
KinematicViscosity, 1350C,cSt 250 300 350 400 IS:1206
,min
Flash Point ,min, OC , 220 220 220 220 IS:1209

Softening Point, min , 0C 40 45 47 50 IS:1205

Penetration,0.1mm, at 250C 80-100 60-80 50-70 40-60 IS:1203

Ductility Residue, cm , min 75 50 40 25 IS:1208

250C
Viscosity Ratio at 60 0C, 4 4 4 4 IS:1212

Solubility in TCE, min ,% 99 99 99 99 IS:1216

 SUMMARY OF CHOICE OF THE GRADE OF BITUMEN

Penetration Grade Viscosity Grade Atmospheric Temp (C)

(MORTH and BIS)
30/40 VG-40 15 to 55

50/60 VG-30 10 to 50

60/70 VG-20 0 to 45

80/100 VG-10 -10 to 30

 Advantages of Viscosity Grading
Approach

• Viscosity is fundamental property; testing is

independent of test system and sample size

• Viscosity is tested at 600C which is regarded as

maximum pavement temperature in summer

• Temperature susceptibility can be controlled by

viscosity test results at 600 and 135 0C.
Typical Problems Faced in India
 Severe Overloading
 Extreme variation of climatic conditions
 Premature cracking of pavements

Alligator cracking Hot temperature failure, Rutting

 Bleeding

Rutting & Alligator cracking

Cracking at low temperature

DESIGN OF BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXES
The overall objective for the design of asphalt paving mixes is to
determine a cost effective blend and gradation of aggregates and
asphalt that yields a mix having:

1. Sufficient asphalt to ensure a durable pavement

2. Sufficient mix stability to satisfy the demands of traffic without
distortion or displacement
3. Sufficient voids in the total compacted mix to allow for a slight
amount of asphalt expansion due to temperature increases
without flushing, bleeding, and loss of stability
4. A maximum void content to limit the permeability of harmful air
and moisture into the mix
5. Sufficient workability to permit efficient placement of the mix
without segregation and without sacrificing stability and
performance
6. For surface mixes, proper aggregate texture and hardness to
provide sufficient skid resistance in unfavorable weather
conditions.
The final goal of mix design is to select a unique design asphalt content
that will achieve a balance among all of the desired properties.

Ultimate pavement performance is related to durability, impermeability,

strength, stability, stiffness, flexibility, fatigue resistance, and workability.
Bituminous concrete is one of the highest
and costliest type of flexible pavement layers
used in the surfacing course

The desirable properties of a good bituminous

mix are stability, durability, flexibility, skid
resistance and workability
What is stability?

It is defined as resistance of the paving mix to

deformation under load & thus it is stress which
ccauses a specified strain depending upon
anticipated field conditions

Stability is a function of friction and cohesion

Frictional resistance is a function of both inter-

particle friction and friction imparted by
bituminous materials.
Cohesion

Cohesion is mainly offerred by the factors that

influence the mass viscosity of bitumen binder.

Density

Density is directly related to voids in the compacted

mixture
Stability & Density

Stability and density in general are correlated

terms

If voids are restricted , the resulting strength

property of the paving mixes improve

Minimum voids requirement qualified for a

given mix should be so selected which would
provide space for necessary densification that
may develop under traffic movements &
expansion of bitumen at high temperature s.

In absence of voids, the bitumen bleeds over

the surface & causes skidding.
 DURABILITY
It is defined as the resistance of the mix against weathering & abrasive
actions.

Weathering causes hardening and this depends upon loss

of volatiles and oxidation.

Excessive strain causes cracking or plastic failure

 FLEXIBILITY

It is a property of the mix that measures the level bending strength

Thus suitability of the given bituminous mix need the

consideration of all the factors listed above..
 WORKABILITY

Workability is the ease with which the mix can be laid and compacted

It is a function of gradation of aggregates, their shape &

texture, bitumen content and its type
 SKID RESISTANCE

It is defined as the resistance of the finished pavement against skidding

It is a function of surface texture and bitumen content

 DESIGN METHODS

ASPHALT
INSTITUTE
HVEEM METHOD
METHOD (MS-2)
Marshall Method

ASPHALT
INSTITUTE MODIFIED
SUPERPAVE SERIES HUBBARD-FIELD
NO.1 (SP-1) METHOD

SUPERPAVE (Superior Performing

Asphalt Pavements) It is the product of the SHRP asphalt research
SHRP = Strategic Highway Research Program (1987 for $150 million)
DESIGN OF BITUMINOUS MIXES

• Selection of aggregate
• Selection of aggregate grading

• Determination of specific gravity of material

• Proportioning of aggregates

• Preparation of specimen
• Determination of specific gravity of compacted
specimen

• Stability tests on compacted specimens

• Selection of optimum bitumen content
 VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT
MIXTURES

A compacted asphalt concrete mix consists primarily of following

components

Aggregate Asphalt Air

The volumetric properties associated with the combination of these

three components are widely used for mix design and production
control
Since, it is impractical to measure the volume of constituent
components within HMA mix in the laboratory or in the field,
mass-volume relationships are used to convert the measurable
masses into their corresponding volumes.

The mass of a constituent is directly proportional to its volume as

shown in the following equation:

M = Vx Gx ρw

Where,

M = mass of constituent
V = volume of constituent
G = Specific gravity of constituent
Ρw = density of water (1.0 g/cm3)
 MASS-VOLUME RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM

VOLUME CC MASS (g)

Va AIR Ma = 0
VMA
VFA EFFECTIVE BITUMEN Mbe
Vb Mb
Vm Vba ABSORBED BITUMEN Mba

Ma Mm
Vsb
AGGREGATES
Vse
 Bituminous mix has the following volumetric properties
(i) Mixture bulk specific gravity, Gmb = 2.331
(ii) Specific gravity of bitumen, Gb = 1.013
(iii) Bitumen content, Pb = 5.0% by mix
(iv)Aggregate bulk specific gravity, Gsb = 2.707
(v)Aggregate effective specific gravity, Gse = 2.733

Compute (a) percent air voids

(b) VMA
(c) voids filled with bitumen (VFB)
(d) effective bitumen content
(e) maximum theoretical specific gravity based on the
above information.
With the assumption that calculations are based on a unit volume
(i.e. 1 cm3).

As air has no mass, we can determine that the mass of air is 0 g.

Based on the mass-volume relationships, the following calculation

can be made:

Mass of mix (Mm):

Mm = Vm Gm ρw = 1 cm3 x 2.331 x 1.0 g/cm3 = 2.331 g

Mass of bitumen (Mb):

Mb= Pb Mm = 5/100 x 2.331 g = 0.117 g

 Mass of aggregate (Ma):

Ma= Mm – Mb = 2.331 g – 0.117 g = 2.214 g

Bulk vol. of aggregate (Vsb):

Vsb= Ma/ Gsbx ρw = 2.214 g/ (2.707 x 1.0 g/cm3) = 0.817cm3

Effective vol. of aggregate (Vse):

Vse= Ma/ Gsex ρw = 2.214 g/ (2.733 x 1.0 g/cm3) = 0.810cm3

Volume of total bitumen (Vb):

Vb= Mb/ Gb x ρw = 0.117 g/ (1.013 x 1.0 g/cm3) = 0.115cm3

 Volume of Absorbed bitumen (Vba):

Vba= Vsb-Vse = 0.817 cm3 – 0.810 cm3 = 0.007cm3

Volume of Effective bitumen (Vbe):

Vbe= Vb-Vba = 0.115 cm3 – 0.007 cm3 = 0.108cm3

Volume of Air voids (Va):

Va= Vm- (Vse+Vb) = 1-(0.810 cm3 + 0.115 cm3) = 0.075cm3

Mass of absorbed bitumen (Mba):

Mba= Vba Gb ρw = 0.007 cm3 x 1.013 x 1 g/cm3= 0.007g

 Mass of effective bitumen (Mbe):

Mbe= Vbe Gb ρw = 0.108 cm3 x 1.013 x 1 g/cm3= 0.109g

Percentage of voids (Pa):

Pa = Va / Vm x 100 = 0.075 cm3 / 1cm3 x 100 = 7.5%

Voids in mineral aggregate (VMA):

VMA = (Va+Vbe) / Vm x 100 = (0.075 cm3 + 0.108 cm3) / 1cm3 x 100 = 18.3%

Voids filled with bitumen (VFA):

VFA = Vbe/VMA x 100 = 0.108 cm3 / 0.183cm3 x 100 = 59.01%

 Effective bitumen content ( % Mass of mix) [Pbe]:

Pbe = Mbe / Mm x 100 = 0.109 g / 2.331 g x 100 = 4.7%

Absorbed bitumen content ( % Mass of aggregate) [Pba]:

Pba = Mba / Ma x 100 = 0.007 g / 2.214 g x 100 = 0.316%

Maximum theoretical specific gravity (Gmm):

Gmm = Gmb / [(Vm-Va)/ Vm] = 2.331 / [(1-0.075)/1] = 2.520

 ASPHALT INSTITUTE

MIX DESIGN METHODS FOR

ASPHALT CONCRETE AND OTHER HOT –MIX TYPES

MANUAL SERIES NO. 2 (MS-2)

BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AGGREGATE (Gsb):

P1 + P2+ …….. + Pn
Gsb =
P1/ G1 + P2/G2 + …….. + Pn/Gn

Where, Gsb = bulk sp. gravity for the total aggregate

P1, P2, Pn = individual percentage by wt. of aggregate
G1, G2, Gn = individual bulk sp gravity of aggregate
EFFECTIVE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AGGREGATE (Gse):

Pmm-Pb
Gse =
(Pmm / Gmm) – (Pb/Gb)

Where, Gmm = theoretical maximum specific gravity of mix (no air

voids) [ ASTMD 2041]

Pmm = percent by weight of total loose mixture (100%)

Pb = percent bitumen content by total mass of mix

Gb = specific gravity of bitumen

THEORETICAL MAXIMUM SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF MIX (Gmm):

Pmm
Gmm =
(Pmm / Gse) + (Pb/Gb)

BITUMEN ABSORPTION (Pba):

Gse -Gsb
Pba = X Gb X 100
Gsb Gse
 PERCENT EFFECTIVE BITUMEN CONTENT (Pbe):

Pba x Ps
Pbe = Pb -
100

Where, Ps = aggregate content by total wt of mixture

PERCENT VOIDS IN MINERAL AGGREGATE (VMA):

Gmb x Ps
VMA = 100 -
Gsb

Where, Gmb = bulk specific gravity of compacted mix (AASHTO T166 ASTMD 1188
or D 2726
PERCENT AIR VOIDS IN COMPACTED MIXTURE (Va):

Gmm - Gmb
Va = X 100
Gmm

PERCENT VFB IN COMPACTED MIXTURE (VFB):

VMA - Va
VFB = X 100
VMA
 Bulk, Effective, Apparent specific gravities; air voids and
effective bitumen content in compacted bituminous mixture
BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Gsb)
It is the ratio of the
weight in air of a unit
volume of a permeable
material (including
both permeable &
impermeable voids
normal to the material)
at a stated temperature
to the weight in air of
equal density of an
equal volume of gas-
free distilled water at a
stated temperature
APPARENT SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Gsa):

It is the ratio of the weight

in air of a unit volume of
an impermeable material
at a stated temperature to
the weight in air of equal
density of an equal volume
of gas-free distilled water
at a stated temperature
EFFECTIVE SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Gse):

It is the ratio of the weight

in air of a unit volume of a
permeably material
(including voids permeable
to bitumen) at a stated
temperature to the weight in
air of equal density of an
equal volume of gas-free
distilled water at a stated
temperature