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GC Presentation

Gas chromatography (GC) separates individual components from a sample mixture using a stationary phase column and a gaseous mobile phase such as nitrogen. The sample is injected and the components separate as they are repeatedly distributed between the stationary phase column and the mobile gas phase. Common stationary phases include liquid coatings on an inert solid support or solid adsorbents. GC provides a fast, selective, and sensitive method to analyze volatile compounds in gaseous, liquid, and solid samples. Key factors like column type, temperature, and detectors are optimized for effective separations and identification of components. Advances include headspace GC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for improved detection and analysis.

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Somnath Banerjee
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764 views

GC Presentation

Gas chromatography (GC) separates individual components from a sample mixture using a stationary phase column and a gaseous mobile phase such as nitrogen. The sample is injected and the components separate as they are repeatedly distributed between the stationary phase column and the mobile gas phase. Common stationary phases include liquid coatings on an inert solid support or solid adsorbents. GC provides a fast, selective, and sensitive method to analyze volatile compounds in gaseous, liquid, and solid samples. Key factors like column type, temperature, and detectors are optimized for effective separations and identification of components. Advances include headspace GC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for improved detection and analysis.

Uploaded by

Somnath Banerjee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY (GC)

Mobile Phase (N2)


Separation of individual components from a
sample mixture through the repeated
distribution of the components between the
stationary phase (column) and a gaseous
mobile phase (Nitrogen).
Stationary Phase
(column)

AA C
AC C C AA
C AABC B B BB CCC
A A
B B AB B B B C CC
AA B C
BC
Sample separated components
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-FLOW DIAGRAM
Flame Gases (H2 & Air)

Flame-
Carrier Gas (N2) Ionization
Detector
(FID)
Flame

Injector Column
(Sample Injection)

Oven

Columns Used :- Specifications :-


NETEL GC
10%FFAD/CHROMWHP –S.S.
15%DLES/CHROMWHP –GLASS
NUCON GC As Per Reference
S.S. Column/PORAPAK-Q (support)
NETEL GC – MICHRO9100
CRITERIA FOR GC
• Technique of choice for separating thermally stable and volatile compounds
• Basics --
• Distribution of sample between two phases,
• Stationary bed of large surface area (COLUMN)
• Second is mobile phase – a gas that percolates through the stationary
phase (Nitrogen)
• GLC: stationary phase is a liquid coated on a inert solid support
• GSC: solid adsorbent as a stationary phase
• Versatile and selective
• Large range of liquid phases with usable temp upto 450°C
• Can be used to analyze gaseous, liquid and solid samples
• Sample MUST be volatile at temperatures BELOW 350°C
ADVANTAGES OF GC
 Speed – Very fast, run can be completed in minutes
 Resolution – High resolution of closely related
compounds
 Qualitative analysis – Identification of substance by
retention time
 Quantitative analysis – Quantification of identified
substance by area under peak
 Sensitivity – Highly sensitivity (can be quantified in
ppm range)
 Simplicity – Relatively simple to operate and
understand
COLUMN TYPES
• Capillary (open tubular)
 Inner wall modified with thin (1 m) film of liquid
 0.3 - 0.5 mm ID; 10 - 50 m length
 Can load few g analyte only
 WCOT, SCOT, PLOT, FSOT

• Packed
 Solid particles either porous or non-porous coated with thin (1 m)
film of liquid
 1 - 8 mm ID; 1 - 10 m length
 Can load upto few hundred g analyte
IMPORTANCE OF TEMPERATURE IN GC ANALYSIS
Injection Port Temperature
Hot enough to vaporize the sample rapidly
Low enough to avoid thermal decomposition or rearrangement of
the sample
Column Temperature
High enough so that analysis is accomplished in reasonable time
Low enough that separation is achieved
Retention time approx. doubles for every 30°C decrease in
temperature
Lower the temperature, higher the ratio of partitioning
coefficients in stationary phase
Temperature programming for effective separation
Detector temperature
Type of detectors – Flame-ionization detectors (FID), Thermal
Conductivity Detector (TCD) etc.
Hot enough to prevent condensation of sample, peak broadening
and loss of component peaks
TCD is more sensitive to temperature than FID
ADVANCEMENTS IN GC
 Headspace GC
 To detect volatile components in sample
 To analyze vapours above the sample (liquid)
 Multiple headspace extraction
 Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
 Detection of residual solvents in pharmaceutical
 Study of constituents of essential oil
 Determination of fatty acids

GC-MS Process
ANY QUESTIONS

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