BASEBAND M-ARY PAM TRANSMISSION, DIGITAL
SUBSCRIBER LINES AND ADAPTIVE EQUALIZATION
FOR DATA TRANSMISSION
KOUSHIK VEMURI
1210416459
BINARY PAM TRANSMISSION
Information bit “1” is represented by a pulse of amplitude A
and “0” by a pulse of amplitude –A.
Pulses are transmitted at a rate Rb = 1/Tb bps where
Tb = bit interval. 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
A
-A
Tb
BASEBAND M-ARY PAM TRANSMISSION
An M-ary transmission is a type of digital modulation where instead
of transmitting one bit at a time, two or more bits are transmitted
simultaneously.
We can group bits into symbols
00, 01, 10, 11 = 4-ary
000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111 = 8-ary
In Binary PAM the signal can have only two levels either +A or –A levels
In M-ary PAM the signal will have M possible levels
for example: Consider there are 2 bits then
0 0 Level 0
0 1 Level 1
1 0 Level 2
1 1 Level 3
Each level\symbol can store Log2(M) bits
Symbol duration Tb* Log2(M)
The Amplitudes of the levels are equally distant and symmetric about zero
For M=8;
-7 -5 -3 -1 0 1 3 5 7 Constellation diagram
Formula for the amplitude of levels can be given as
Am = (2m-1-M), m = 1,2. . . …M
For Binary PAM M = 2 then Am = 2m – 3 , m = 1,2
for m = 1 A1 = -1
for m = 2 A2 = 1 For 1 1
0 -1
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
-1
For 4-ary PAM M=4, m = 1,2,3,4 Am = (2m-1-M),
m=1 A1=-3 Level Natural coding
m=2 A2=-1 -3 00
-1 01
m=3 A3=+1 +1 10
m=4 A4=+3 +3 11
01 10 11 00 11
-1 +1 +3 -3 +3
+3
+1
-1
-3
Symbol rate: Rs = 1/Ts
i.e, Log2(M) bits per symbol so bitrate Rb = Log2(M) /Ts
As M increases Bitrate increases
Bandwidth = 2/Ts = 2Rs
Bandwidth efficiency = Rb/BW
= log2(M)/T * (T/2)
= log2(M)/2
Example:
– M = 2 ⇒ bandwidth efficiency = 1/2
– M = 4 ⇒ bandwidth efficiency = 1
– M = 8 => bandwidth efficiency = 3/2
As M increases Bandwidth effeciency increases
DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINES
Digital subscriber line (DSL; originally digital subscriber loop) is a family of
technologies that are used to transmit digital data over telephone lines.
The bit rate of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256 kbit/s to over
100 Mbit/s
TYPES OF DSL
Types of DSL
Symmetric DSL – SDSL, splits the upstream and downstream frequencies evenly,
providing equal speeds to both uploading and downloading data transfer. This
connection may provide 2 Mbps upstream and downstream. It is mostly preferred by
small organizations.
Asymmetric DSL – ADSL, provides a wider frequency range for downstream
transfers, which offers several times faster downstream speeds. An ADSL connection
may offer 20 Mbps downstream and 1.5 Mbps upstream, it is because most users
download more data than they upload.
BENEFITS
No Additional Wiring – A DSL connection makes use of your existing telephone wiring, so you will
not have to pay for expensive upgrades to your phone system.
Cost Effective – DSL internet is a very cost-effective method and is best in connectivity
Availability of DSL modems by the service providers.
User can use the both telephone line and internet at a same time. And it is because the voice is
transferred on other frequency and digital signals are transferred on others.
User can choose between different connection speeds and pricing from various providers.
ADAPTIVE EQUALIZATION
Equalization is a technique used to combat inter symbol interference(ISI).
Equalizers must be adaptive as the channel is generally unknown and time varying.
The goal of equalizers is to eliminate intersymbol interference (ISI) and the additive
noise as much as possible
Intersymbol interference occurs because of the overlapping of
adjacent pulses
Depending on the time nature
These type of equalizers can be grouped as preset or adaptive equalizers.
Preset equalizers assume that the channel is time invariant
Adaptive equalizers assume channel is time varying channel
Block diagram of digital transmission system with equalizer
Algorithm for Adaptive
Equalization
Performance measures for an
algorithm
Rate of convergence
Computational complexity
THANK
YOU
