C Programming

Lecture 4
 Tokens & Syntax
 The compiler collects the characters of a
program into tokens.
• Tokens make up the basic vocabulary of a
computer language.
 The compiler then checks the tokens to
see if they can be formed into legal
strings according to the syntax (the
grammar rules) of the language.
 Characters Used in C Programs
 Lowercase letters
• a b c . . . z
 Uppercase letters
• A B C . . . Z
 Digits
• 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
 Other characters
• + - * / = ( ) { } [ ] < > ‘ “
• ! @ # $ % & _ ^ ~ \ . , ; : ?
 White space characters
• blank, newline, tab, etc.
The Six Kinds of Tokens in ANSI C
 Keywords
 Identifiers
 Constants
 String Constants
 Operators
 Punctuators
 Keywords
 Keywords are C tokens that have a strict
meaning.
• They are explicitly reserved and cannot be
redefined.
 ANSII C has 32 key words.
• Some implementations such as Borland’s C
or Microsoft’s C have additional key words.
 ANSII C Keywords
auto do goto signed unsigned
break double if sizeof void
case else int static volatile
char enum long struct while
const extern register switch
continue float return typedef
default for short union
 Identifiers
 An identifier is a token:
• Composed of a sequence of letters, digits, and
the underscore character _
– Note: Variable names are identifiers
 Lower- and uppercase letters are treated
as distinct.
 Identifiers should be chosen so that they
contribute to the readability and
documentation of the program.
 Special Identifiers
 main
• C programs always begin execution at the
function main.
 Identifiers that begin with an underscore
should be used only by systems
programmers
• Because they can conflict with system names.
The Length of Discriminated Identifiers

 On older systems only the first eight

characters of an identifier are
discriminated.
• identifier_one and identifier_two would
be the same identifier.
 In ANSI C, at least the first 31 characters
of an identifier are discriminated.
 Constants
 Integer Constants
• 25 and 0
 Floating Constants
• 3.14159 and 0.1
 Character Constants
• ‘a’ and ‘B’ and ‘+’ and ‘;’ but not “a” or “B”
 Special Character Constants
 The backslash is called the escape
character.
• The newline character ‘\n’ represents a
single character called newline.
• Think of \n as “escaping” the usual meaning
of n.
 Enumeration constants will be discussed
later in the course.
 String Constants
 A sequence of characters enclosed in a pair of
double quote marks, such as “abc” is a string
constant, or a string literal.
 Character sequences that would have meaning if
outside a string constant are just a sequence of
characters when surrounded by double quotes.
 String constants are treated by the compiler as
tokens and the compiler provides the space in
memory to store them.
 Is it a String or Not a String?
 “this is a string constant”
 “” /* the null string */
 “ “ /* a string of blanks */
 “ a = b + c; “ /* is not executed */
 “ /* this is not a comment */ “
 /* “ this is not a string “ */
 “ and
neither is this “
 ‘a’ /* a character, not a string */
 The Mathematical Operators
 We looked at the mathematical operators
briefly in the 3rd class:
+ - * / %
 In a C program we typically put white
space around binary operators to
improve readability.
a + b rather than a+b
 The sizeof Operator
 The C sizeof unary operator if used
to find the number of bytes needed
to store an object.
• sizeof(object) returns an integer that
represents the number of bytes needed
to store the object in memory.
 printf()
printf(control string, other arguments);

 The expressions in other_arguments are evaluated and

converted according to the formats in the control string
and are then placed in the output stream.

printf(“%-14sPayRate: $%-4.2f\n”, “James Smith”, 8.95);

James Smith Pay Rate: $8.95

 Characters in the control string that are not part of a

format are placed directly in the output stream.
 The Formats in the Control String
printf(“Get set: %d %s %f %c%c\n”,
1, “two”, 3.33, ‘G’, ‘O’);
 %d Print 1 as a decimal number
 %s Print “two” as a string
– “string” means a sequence of characters.
 %f Print 3.33 as a float
– decimal or floating-point number
 %c Print ‘G’ & ‘0’ as characters.
 printf() Conversion Characters
Conversion
character How the corresponding argument is printed
c as a character
d,i as a decimal integer
u as an unsigned decimal integer
o as an unsigned octal integer
x,X as an unsigned hexadecimal integer
e as a floating-point number: 7.123000 e+00
E as a floating-point number: 7.123000 E+00
g in the shorter of the e-format or f-format
G in the shorter of the E-format or f-format
s as a string
p the corresponding argument is a pointer to
void; it prints as a hexadecimal number.
n argument is a pointer to an integer into
which the number of characters written so far is
printed; the argument is not converted.
% with the format %% a single % is written; there
is no corresponding argument to be converted.
 printf( ) Conversion Specifications
 field width (optional)
• An optional positive integer
• If the converted argument has fewer characters than
the specified width, it will be padded with spaces on the
left or right depending on the left or right justification.
• If the converted argument has more characters, the
field width will be extended to whatever is required.
 precision (optional)
• Specified by a period followed by a nonnegative integer.
• Minimum number of digits to be printed for d, i, o, u, x,
and X conversions.
• Minimum number of digits to the right of the decimal
point for e, E, and f conversions.
• Maximum number of significant digits for G and g
conversions.
• Maximum number of characters to be printed for an s
conversion.
 printf ( ) Example
printf(“Get set: %d %s %f %c%c\n”,
1, “two”, 3.33, ‘G’, ‘O’);

The first argument is the control string

“Get set: %d %s %f %c%c\n”

The formats in the control string are matched

(in order of occurrence) with the other
arguments.
 Use of printf ( )
 printf(
printf ) is used for printing output.
When printf( ) is called it is passed a list
of arguments of the form:
control string & other arguments
 The arguments to printf( ) are separated
by commas.
 Errors in printf ( ) Formats
 A floating point format in a
printf ( ) statement is of the
form %m.nf
• The value of m specifies the field
width, not the number of digits to
the left of the decimal point.
• The value of n specifies the number
of digits to the right of the decimal
point.
 To specify two decimal digits to the
left of the decimal point and three to
the right, use %6.3f.
 Use of scanf()
 scanf() is analogous to printf(), but is
used for input rather than output.
• scanf()in a program stops the execution
of the program while you type
something in from the keyboard.
 scanf ( ) Arguments
 The first argument is a control string
with formats similar to those used with
printf().
• The formats determine how characters in the
input stream (what you are typing) will be
interpreted so they can be properly stored in
memory.
 Scanf ( ) ’s Other Arguments
 After the control string, the other
arguments are addresses.
 Example: assume x is declared as an
integer variable.
scanf(“%d”, &x);
The & is the address operator. It says “store
the value entered at the address of the
memory location named x”.
 scanf ( ) Conversion
Conversion How characters in the
Character input stream are converted.
c Character

d decimal integer

f floating-pint number (float)

lf floating-point number (double)

Lf floating-point number (long double)

s string
 A Peculiarity of scanf ( )
 With printf() the %f format is used to
print either a float or a double.
 With scanf() the format %f is used to
read in a float, and %lf is used to read in
a double.
 Another scanf() Peculiarity
 When reading in numbers, scanf() will
skip white space characters (blanks,
newlines, and tabs).
 When reading characters, white space is
not skipped.
 The Return Value of scanf()
 When the scanf() function reads in data
typed by a user, it returns the number
of successful conversions.
• scanf(“%d%d%d”, &first, &second, &third);
– Should return a value 3 if the user
correctly types three integers.
– Suppose the user enters 2 integers
followed by a string -- what happens?
– What does our system do?
 Common Programming Errors
 Failure to correctly terminate a comment.
 Leaving off a closing double quote
character at the end of a string.
 Misspelling or not declaring a variable.
 Misspelling a function name.
 Omitting the ampersand (&) with
scanf( ).
Interrupting Program Execution
 An executing program on a UNIX system
can often be interrupted by entering a ^c
from the keyboard.
 The kill command is another way of
ending program execution.
 If your program is in an infinite loop you
will have to use one of these methods to
interrupt its execution.
 How the Compiler
Handles Comments
/* This is a comment */
The compiler first replaces each
comment with a single blank.
Thereafter, the compiler either
disregards white space or uses it to
separate tokens.
 System Considerations
 Syntax (Compile -Time) Errors
• Syntax errors are caught by the compiler.
• The compiler attempts to identify the error
and display a helpful error message.
 Run-Time Errors
• Errors that occur during program execution.
• Memory errors caused by not using the
address operator & with a scanf ( ) argument.
 Style
 Use white space and comments to make
your code easier to read and understand.
• Indent logical subgroups of code by 3 spaces.
 Choose variable names that convey their
use in the program.
 Place all #includes, #defines, main()s, and
braces { } -- that begin and end the body
of a function -- in column 1.