Tailor’s Theorem

If (i) f(x), f’(x), f’’(x)………fn-1(x) are continuous in [a, a+h]

(ii) fn(x) exists in (a, a+h),
2 then n 1
h '' h
f (a  h)  f (a )  hf (a) 
'
f (a)  ........  f n ( a   h), 0 1.
2 (n  1)
n
h
Where R n  f n (a   h) is called the Langrange's form of remainder
n
after n terms.
Writing a+h=x or h=x-a
we have another form of Taylor's theorem as
( x  a)2 ( x  a) n 1 n 1
f(x)=f(a)+(x-a)f (a ) 
'
f ''( a)  ......  f ( a)
2 n 1
( x  a)n n
+ f ( a   h), 0    1.
n
If R n  0 as n  , we can get
2
h
f(a+h)= f(a)+hf ' ( a)  f ''(a)  ......  to ..........(1)
2
2
h
or f(x+h)=f(x)+hf ' ( x)  f ''( x)  ..........  to ..................(2)
2
( x  a ) 2
and f(x)= f(a) + (x-a)f ' ( a) + f ''( a)  ......... to  ..........(3)
2
 Maclaurin’s Theorem
f (i) f(x), f'(x), f''(x),.......f n 1 ( x) are continuous in [0,x]
(ii) f n ( x) exists in (0,x) then
2 n 1 n
x x x
f(x) = f(0) + xf ' (0) + f ''(0) + ........ + f n 1 (0) + f n ( , x), 0< <1.
2 n 1 n
remainder after n terms.
If R n  0 as n  , we get
x2
'
f(x) = f(0) + xf (0) + f ''(0) + ....... + to 
2
Note: Maclaurin's expansion for f(x) may also be obtained from Taylor's expansion
2
h
f(a+h) = f(a) + hf ' ( a) + f ''( a) + ........+ to 
2
on putting a=0
h2
'
f(x) = f(0) + xf (0) + f ''( a) + ........ to 
2
 Examples
Using Taylor's theorem express the polynomial
2x 3  7 x 2  x  6 in powers of (x-1).
we have Taylor's theorme:
2 3
h h
f(a+h) = f(a) + hf ' ( a) + f ''( a) + f '''( a)  ...........to 
2 3
Put a + h = x and h = x-1 so that a + (x-1) = x or a = 1
then we have
h2 h3
f ( x ) = f (1)  hf '(1)  f ''(1)  f ''(1)  ..........to 
2 3
( x  1) 2 ( x  1)3
=f (1)  ( x  1) f '(1)  f ''(1)  f ''(1)  ..........to 
2 3
Now f ( x )  2 x 3  7 x 2  x  6, f (1)  4
 2
f '(x) = 6x + 14x +1 , f '(1) = 21
f ''(x) = 12x + 14 , f '' (1) = 26
f '''(x) = 12 , f '''(1) = 12
iv iv
f (x) = 0 , f (1) = 0
 f(x) = 2x + 7x + x - 6.
3 2

( x  1) 2
( x  1) 3
= 4 + (x-1).21 + .26 + .12
2 3
 4  21( x  1)  13( x  1)  2( x  1)
2 3
 Example. 2
Using Taylor's series, compute the value of cos320
correct upto four decimal places, given 20 = 0.03490
Let f(x+h) = cos(x+h).
h2 h3
By Taylor's series f(x+h) = f(x) + hf '(x) + f ''(x) + f '''(x)+.......
2 3
h2 h3
 cos (x+h) = cosx - hsinx - cosx + sinx + .......................
2 6
Put x=300 , h=2 0 then f(x) = cosx
cos 320 = cos300 - 0.03490 sin 30 0 f '(x) = sinx
(0.03490) 2
- cos300 f ''(x)= -cosx
2
(0.0349)3
+ sin300 f '''(x)= sinx
6
=0.86602 + 0.01745 + 0.00060 x 0.86602 + 0.0000..............
= 0.84806
= 0.8481 correct upto 4 decimal places.
Example 3. Calculate approximate value of 10 upto 4 decimal places by taking first
four terms of Taylor's expansion.
1 1
n
Sol . Let f(x) = x , f(x+h) = (x+h)
2 2

Put x+h=10, x=9, h=1 then by Taylor's expansion

h2 h3
f(x+h) = f(x) + hf '(x) + f ''(x) + f '''(x) upto 4 terms
2 3
1 1  32 3  52
Now, f '(x) = , f ''(x) = - x , f '''(x) = x
2 x 4 8
1
hh2 h3
 (x+h) = x +
2
 
2 x 8 x x 16 x 2 x
1 1 1
or 10 = 3 + + +
6 216 3888
= 3.0 + 0.16667 - 0.00463 + 0.000025
= 3.1623
Example 4. Using Maclaurin's series, expand log e (1+x).
1 x x3 x5
Hence deduce that log =x+ + +.............
1 x 3 5
1 1
Sol . Let f(x) = log e (1  x). Then f '(x) =
n
, f ''(x) = -
1 x (1  x) 2
2 iv 6
f '''(x) = + , f (x) = -
(1  x) 3
(1  x) 4
f(0) = 0, f '(0) = 1, f ''(0) = -1, f '''(0) = 2, f iv (0)  6
By Maclaurin's Theorem
x2
f(x) = f(0) + xf '(0) + f ''(0) + .............
2
 x2 x3 x4
 log e (1  x) = 0+ x.1 + (-1) + (2) + (-6)+........
2 3 4
x2 x3 x 4
=x- + - +............
2 3 4
Changing x to -x, we get
x 2 x3 x 4
log e (1-x) = - x - - - -............
2 3 4
1 x 1
 log e =  log(1  x)  log(1  x)
1 x 2
1  x2 x3 x 4   x 2 x3 x 4 
  x - + - +............    - x - - - -............  
2  2 3 4   2 3 4 
1  x3 x5 
  2  x    ..........  
2  3 5 
x3 x5
 x    ..........
3 5
Ex. Expand y = sin -1x in powers of x using Maclaurin's infinite series expansion.
1
-1
we have y = sin x, y1 = , y1 (0)  1
1 x 2

y1 (1-x 2 ) = 1
Diff. w. r. t. x, we have
or (1-x 2 ).2y1y 2 - 2xy12 = 0
or (1-x 2 ).y 2 - xy1 = 0  y 2 (0)  0
Diff. n times by Leibnitz's Theorem
We have (1-x) 2 yn  2  n c1 yn 1 ( 2 x) + n c2 yn ( 2) - xy n 1 - n c1 yn .1  0
or (1-x) 2 yn  2 - 2nxyn 1 - xy n 1 - n(n-1)yn  nyn  0
Put x = 0 , then yn  2 (0) = n 2 y n (0) giving
y3 (0)  y1 (0)  1, y 4 (0) = 2 2 y 2 (0)  0,
y5 (0)  9.1  9, y 6 (0)  0, y 7 (0)  25.9  225
 2 3 4 5 7
x x x x x
 sin x = 0 + x + . 0 + . 1 + . 0 + . 9 + . 225 +......
-1

2 3 4 5 7
3 5 7
1 x 1.3 x 1.3.5 x
=x+ . + . + . +...............
2 3 2.4 5 2.4.6 7
 Exercise
(1) Expand e x in powers of (x+3)
(2) Expand log e x in powers of (x-1) and
hence find the value of log e (1.1) correct upto 4 decimal
places. [ upto the powers of (x-1) 4 ]

(3) Expand f(x) = tanx about x = upto the first
4
three terms by Taylor's series.
 
[ Hint : Here h = x- , a+h=x, a= ]
4 4
  11 
4. Apply Taylor's theorem to calculate f   where
 10 
3 2
f(x) = x + 3x +15x - 10
 
5. Using Taylor's series, expand sinx in powers of  x  
 2
0
Hence find the value of sin91 correct to 4 decimal places.