PESTICIDES POISONING

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 DEFINITION
PESTICIDES- compounds that are used to kill
pest.
 INSECTICIDES- insects and related species.
 Rodenticides- rats, mice, moles and other
rodents.
 HERBICIDES- weeds
 FUNGICIDES - fungi and molds
 FUMIGANTS – Gases that are used to sterilize
products.

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Classification of
insecticides
1.Organophosphates 1.e.g.-malathion, parathion ,M.P,
chlorthion ect,.

2.Carbamates 2.e.g. Carbofuran, carbaryl and

3.Organochlorines 3.e.g. DDT, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin,

4.Pyrethrin and its derivatives 4.e.g. allethrin, pyrethrin I,

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 MOA of op’s
 Irreversible inhibition of acetyl
cholinesterase enzyme.
 Inhibits the functionality of this enzyme
by means of steric inhibition
 Inhibition of Ache causes an excess of
Ach in synapses and neuromuscular
junctions resulting in muscarinic and
nicotinic signs and symptoms

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Signs and symptoms
a) Muscarinic manifestation
b) Nicotinic manifestation
c) CNS effects
d) Intermediate syndrome occur after 1-4
days causing muscle weakness and
paralysis.
e) Delayed syndrome occur after 1-5
weeks
f) Chronic poisoning may occur in
agriculturists- 1-6 weeks.
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 Treatment
1. Decontamination by washing or irritation.
2. Gastric lavage if poison is ingested
3. Activated charcoal
4. Antidotes such as atropine and pralidoxime.
5. Supportive measures such as administration
of intravenous fluids, oxygenation and
ventilation ect.
6. Antibiotics to prevent pulmonary infections.

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 Laboratory studies

1) Red blood cell cholinesterase, plasma

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 Supportive care
 Avoid parasympathomimetic agents .
 phenothiazines and antihistamines.
 Central nervous system depressants
 During antidote administration, the
patients should be followed closely for
sings of respiratory failure and
atropinization in an intensive care
settings.
 Administer fluids only to replace losses.

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CARBAMATES
 REVERSIBLE INHIBITION OF ACETYL
CHOLINESTERACE ENZYME.
 INGESTION, DERMAL, INHALATION
 CARBAMATES CAUSE THE SAME EXCESS IN
MUSCARINIC STIMULATION AND NICOTINIC
STIMULATION FOLLOWED BY WEAKNESS
SEEN IN ORGANOPHOSPHATE POISONINGS,
BUT FOR A RELATIVELY SHORTER DURATION.

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 Laboratory
Three hours following ingestion of 7.5g of
carbaryl and alpha naphthol were
analyzed by HPLC.

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 ORGANOCHLORINES
 The acute adult lethal dose of dieldrin in
approximately 1.5 to 5g

 Neurotoxin; CNS, kidney, liver.

 Ingestion, dermal, inhalation

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sings and symptoms
1. Apprehension  Chronic poisoning is
2. Excitability characterized by
3. Dizziness loss of weight,
ataxia, tremors,
4. Headache
mental changes and
5. Disorientation increased tendency
6. Weakness to leukemia's,
7. Paresthesia anemia and liver
8. Convulsion cancer.
9. tremors

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Laboratory test
 Pesticides and/or metabolites
measured in blood.
 Concentration more important than mere
presence.

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 Treatment
 Decontamination.
 Controlling of seizures with
benzodiazepines, phenytoins and
phenobarbitone.
 Gastric lavage, emesis and catharsis.
 Activated charcoal.
 Supportive treatment.

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 Pyethroids
 Noncyano-containing pyrethroids.
 Cyano-containing pyrethroid.

Lab test
 Toxicological examination.
 Prothrombin time.
 Chest X-rays.

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Signs and symptoms
a) Skin contact causes dermatitis and
blistering.

b) Paraethesias, nausea, vomiting,

c) Inhalation causes rhinorrhoea, sore

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 Treatment
 Stomach wash with activated charcoal.
 Skin should be washed with soap and
water.
 Eyes should be irrigated with normal saline.
 Adrenaline is given for allergic reactions.
 Seizures can be controlled with diazepam.
 Oils and fats should be avoided as they
promote intestinal absorption of pyrethroids.

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 REFERENCE
 MEDICINAL TOXICOLOGY BY
ELLENHORN’S

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Thank you 

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