TE-403
TRANSMISSION & SWITCHING SYSTEMS
(3+1)
Lecture 3
Engr. Ghulam Shabbir
Sensitivity: Internal
Circuit-Switching Concepts
• Space-Division Switching
Definition:
A circuit-switching technique in which each
connection through the switch takes a physically
separate and dedicated path.
• Basic building block--a metallic cross point or
semiconductor gate.
• "Crossbar" Matrix Multi-stage space-division
switches reduces the total number of cross points
required, but increases complexity and introduces
the possibility of blocking.
Space Division Switch
Space-Division Switches
• Crossbar switch
– Connects n inputs to m outputs in a grid, using
electronic micro switches (transistors) at each
crosspoint
Multi-stage Switches
• Crossbar switches are combined in several
stages
• Design decisions
– The number of stages and the number of
switches in each stage
– Example – 15 x 15 crossbar switch
Multistage Switch
In a three-stage switch, the total number of
crosspoints is 2kN + k(N/n)2 , which is much smaller
than the number of crosspoints in a single-stage
switch (N2).
Space Division Switching
• Multiple Paths
– Multistage switches provide several options for
connecting each pair of linked devices
• In the example of a 15 x 15 switch, the
number of crosspoints is reduced from 225
to 78 (only 35 percents)
Space Division Switching
Multistage Switch
• Reduced number of crosspoints
• More than one path through network
– Increased reliability
• More complex control
• May be blocking
Three Stage Switch
Multistage Switch
Circuit-Switching Networks
• The three phases of a circuit switched
connection are
– Circuit establishment
– Data transfer
– Circuit disconnect.
Sensitivity: Internal
Procedures of Switching
• Ascertain when subscriber goes off-hook
• Receive the telephone number dialed
• Test to see if the called number is busy
• Inform the caller if it is busy or make a
connection
• Ring the called party
• Disconnect when subscriber goes on-hook
Sensitivity: Internal
Circuit-Switching Concepts
• Blocking vs. Nonblocking
– Relates to the capability of making connections.
– A blocking network is one in which blocking is
possible.
• A nonblocking network permits all stations
to be connected (in pairs) as long as the
stations are not in use.
Sensitivity: Internal
Circuit-Switching Concepts
• Blocking means that even if two parties are free
they cannot call one another because of congestion
in the switch (“All circuits are busy, try later!!”).
• If one or both parties are busy, then it is not a
case of blocking.
• Single stage, space division switches are non-
blocking
• Multi-stage, space division switches are blocking
• Time-division switches are usually non-blocking
Sensitivity: Internal
Circuit switching
• Space division switches: Signal paths are
physically separate from one another (i.e.
divided in space).
– Single-stage
– Multi-stage
• Time-division switches: Same path is shared
by multiple streams (division in time)
Modern switches are combination switches
Sensitivity: Internal
Circuit-Switching Concepts
• Time-Division Switching
– Definition: A circuit-switching technique in which
time slots in a time-multiplexed stream of data are
manipulated to pass data from an input to an output.
– TDM Bus
• A set of buffered input and output lines are connected
through controlled gates to a high-speed digital bus.
• Each input line is assigned a time slot.
• During a time slot allocation, the input line is enabled
as well as an output line.
• Then the data is "burst" across.
Sensitivity: Internal
Time-Division Switches
• Time-division multiplexing (TDM) + time-
slot interchange (TSI)
Sensitivity: Internal
Time Slot Interchanger
• TSI changes the ordering of the slots based on the desired
connections
• TSI switch may be designed to be expanding or concentrating.
• In such switches, the number of time slots(samples) per frame in the
input stream(M1) and in the output stream (M2) are different.
• If M2 > M1 then the switch is expanding
• For an expanding switch, the output bit rate is higher and for a
concentrating switch, the input bit rate is higher.
Control
unit
M1 M2
Sensitivity: Internal
Sensitivity: Internal
Time Division Switching
Sensitivity: Internal
Time-space switching
• Precede each input trunk in a crossbar with a TSI
• Delay samples so that they arrive at the right time for
the space division switch’s schedule
1 M
U
2 X 2 1
3 M 4 3
U
4 X
Sensitivity: Internal
Time-Space: Example
2 1 time 1
2 1
TSI time 2
4 3 3 4
3 2
1 4
Sensitivity: Internal
Both Time and Space Switching Needed
Both time and space switching is
TSM required in large (greater than
1 1
10,000) digital switching offices
TSM because with the current
Nxk Nxk
technology, a time slot
interchange (TSI) cannot be built
N N fast enough to handle more than
TSM 1000-2000 lines.
STS (There are also TSSST switches
for larger number of channels.)
STS – simpler control
requirements 1 Inlet Inlet 1
TST – better for large Memory Memory
switches with heavy load 2 Inlet Inlet 2
Memory Space Memory
traffic (ie. No.4 ESS can Switch
service over 100,000 lines)
N Inlet Inlet N
Memory Memory
(TSM: Time Switch Module)
TST
Sensitivity: Internal
Time-space-time (TST) switching
• Allowed to flip samples both on input and output
trunk
• Gives more flexibility => lowers call blocking
probability
Sensitivity: Internal
Sensitivity: Internal
Sensitivity: Internal
TSSST Switching Structure
TSM TSM
nxk (N/n) x (N/n) kxn
TSM TSM
TSM nxk (N/n) x (N/n) kxn
TSM
TSM TSM
Inlet time Outlet time
Space Space Space
stage stage
stage stage stage
Sensitivity: Internal
Examples of Time-Space Combination Switches
SYSTEM CONFIGURA TRAAFFIC MAXIMUM
TION CAPACITY NUMBER OF
(ERLANGS) TRUNKS
E 10 B TST 1600 3600
(France)
No.4 Ess TSSSST 47000 107520
(USA)
C-DOT TST 16000 40000
MAX-XL
(India)
DMS 100 TSTS 39000 61000
(folded)
(Canada)
System 12 TSTSTSTSTS 25000 60000
(USA) TSTS
NEAX 61 TSST 22000 60000
(Japan)
Sensitivity: Internal
