Relation and Function
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A Theory of Relations and Functions
In almost every branch of mathematics, the
concept of relation, specifically of function,
is very important and useful.
relation (function)
specific type of correspondence between
elements of two sets
A Two-Dimensional Coordinate
System
The most widely used system that sets up
an association between each point in a
plane and a pair of real numbers is the
Cartesian coordinate system.
Cartesian plane
Rectangular coordinate plane
Relations: Domain, Range, and Rule
Definition Relation
Let X and Y be nonempty sets.
A relation S from X to Y is any nonempty
subsets of the cross product of X and Y.
S X Y
Relations: Domain, Range, and Rule
Relations can be described by
a verbal statements, a set of
ordered pairs, an equation, an
inequality, a table, a graph, or
a mapping.
Relations: Domain, Range, and Rule
Example
1. Any set of points in the rectangular
Cartesian coordinates is a relation in R.
r1= {(1,3),(2,5),(3,8),(4,10)}
r2 = {(-1,0),(2,-3),(.5,1),(2/3,1/2)}
Relations: Domain, Range, and Rule
2. Equations and Inequalities
Relations: Domain, Range, and Rule
3.Tables and graphs also represent relations.
Relations: Domain, Range, and Rule
Consider again r1= {(1,3),(2,5),(3,8),(4,10)}.
1 3
2 5
3 8
4 10
Relations: Domain, Range, and Rule
Definition : Domain and Range
The domain of a relation r: A → B, denoted by
D(r), is the set containing all the first members
of the ordered pairs while its range, denoted by
R(r,) is the set containing all the second
members of the ordered pairs in r.
Relations: Domain, Range, and Rule
We can define domain as is the set of all
permissible values of the independent
variable; while range as is the set of all
permissible values of the dependent
variable.
Permissible values of a variable
will not make the denominator zero
will not make the radicand of even
index, negative
Relations: Domain, Range, and Rule
The set of valid input x is
called domain; while range
is the set of corresponding
outputs y.
Relations: Domain, Range, and Rule
Let R be a relation from Set A to Set B.
The domain of R is the set of dom R defined by:
𝒅𝒐𝒎 𝑹 = 𝐚 ∈ 𝐀 𝒂, 𝒃 ∈ 𝑹 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒆 𝒃 ∈ 𝑩
The image or range of R is the set of im R defined by:
im 𝑹 = 𝒃 ∈ 𝑩 𝒂, 𝒃 ∈ 𝑹 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒆 𝒂 ∈ 𝑨
Functions
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Functions
Definition Function
A function f from A to B is a relation from
A to B where to each a A , there
corresponds exactly one b B such that
a , b f .
A function can also be defined as a set of
ordered pairs in which no two ordered
pairs have the same first component but
different second components. 15
Functions
Definition
Function is a mathematical rule
that takes input and produces
one output for each. (Woo, 2018)
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SOME EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONS
Functions as set of Functions as equations
ordered pairs f(x) = x2 + 1
f = {(1,1),(3,5),(4,6),(8,9)}
g(x) = 4 -5x
g = {(1,0),(2,0),(-1,5)}
Functions as table of
Functions as graphs
values
No. of eggs Price of
(x)x breakfast
(y)
1 P14.00
2 P18.00
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3 P22.00
Function Notation
Suppose you’re given the equation f ( x ) 3 x 4 .
f(x) should be read “f of x “, NOT “f times x”.
f is the name of the function; it’s not a
number.
x is the input value or independent
variable.
f(x) is the value of the function f at the
number x. 18
Function Notation
Suppose you’re given the equation f ( x ) 3 x 4 .
We may replace f(x) by y. That is, f(x) = y
which means that the value of the function is
the y value.
What does f 2 10 mean?
The value of f when x = 2 is 10.
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Function as Equations
Constant Function
Linear Function
Quadratic Function
Rational Function
Radical Function
Absolute Value Function
Power Function
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Functions
For each relation, determine if it is a
function.
r1= {(1,3),(2,5),(3,8),(4,10)} Yes
r2 = {(-1,0),(2,-3),(.5,1),( 2/3,1/2)} Yes
r3 = {(x,y)| y= 2x-5} Yes
r4 = {(x,y)| y= x2} Yes
r5 = {(x,y)| y > x-3} No
x2 y2
r6 ( x , y ) 1 No
9 4 21
Vertical Line Test for a Function
A graph defines a function if each vertical line in the
rectangular coordinate system passes through at most
one point on the graph.
(a) y3 – x = 1 (b) y2 – x2 = 9
y
y
3
6
x
x –6 0 6
–3 0 3
–6
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–3
Vertical Line Test for a Function
Which of the following graphs represent a
function?
x x x x
y y y y
Yes No No Yes
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Domain and Range of a
Function
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Interpretation of f(x)
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Examples of Functions
A rectangular field is to be enclosed
with 240 m of fence.
a) Let x be the length of the field.
Express the area of the field as a
function of x.
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