UNIT-IV
DOCKS AND HARBOUR
ENGINEERING
LECTURE BY
VENKATESH KANNEKANTI
EMAIL: jusvenki@[Link]
CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• Types of Wáter Transportation
• Economics and advantages of water
Transportation
• General layout & Design of considerations
• Pier and Wharf structures
• Fender systems
• Transit sheds and Apron
• Container Ports
• Docks, Dredging, Light Houses.
INTRODUCTION
• Transport is an all-pervading Industy. It
penetrates into all phases of production and
distribution of goods.
• Transportation improvements increase personal
mobility, reduce travel time, permits greater
freedom to people to choose, where they live,
work & shop.
• The choice of transport modes depends upon
the following factors: Length of haul, weight and
size of consignment, traffic density, nature of
route, quality of service.
Water Transportation
• Water tarnsportation is concerned with
conveyance of people and goods in vehicles
that float upon water.
• These vehicles may be hollow vessels of wood
or metal or combination of both, which are
made to pass over water by natural or
mechanical power.
• The small vessels are often called boats and
large vessels are called ships.
TYPES OF WATER
TRANSPORTATIONS
• Basically there are two types of water
transport systems:
1. OCEAN TRANSPORTATION 2. INLAND TRANSPORTATION
Types of water transportation
Inland water Transportation can be further
subdivided as the River Transportation and
canal Transportation.
River transportation became popular in India
since 1855.
River boats and canal barges were very
important carriers in early part of 19th century.
Types of water transportation
In modern times vessels of large size and
power have been developed to carry thousands
of people and millions tonnes of goods.
Cargo vessels are built to carry a variety of
commodities such as grains, coal, ore, liquids,
phosphate, rock and vehicles etc.
Another component of water transportation is
the terminal facilities that interface land
transportation services for the purpose of
carrying persons and goods to and from the
water edge.
Advantages of Water
Transportation
• Cheapest traffic means
• Most important in security of nation
• Plays important role in international trade.
• Possesses high load carrying capacity.
• Requires cheap motor powers than for
airplanes.
• Does not require any special infrastructure like
roads, and airports.
• Brings many countries together.
Dis-advantages of Water
Transportation
• Slow in speed
• More chances of attack on boat sailing through
• Only can be used when sufficient water is
available.
• In deep sea if boat gets in to storm, it becomes
difficult to rescue.
• In waterfalls having much drafts ,water
transportation does not works.
• Special maintenance for water tightness of boat
is required.
HORBOUR
• A Harbour is a partly enclosed protected water
area to provide safe and suitable
accommodation for vessels seeking refuge,
supplies, refueling, repairs or the transfer of
Cargo.
•
REQUIREMENTS OF
HORBOUR
• The Harbour should meet the following
requirements for proper functioning:
Ship channels, natural or artificial, must have
sufficient depth for the draft of vessels.
Land masses or break waters must be provided to
protect against destructive wave action.
The bottom should furnish secure anchorage to
hold ships.
The harbour entrance should be so wide to permit
ready passage for shipping.
CLASSIFICATION OF
HARBOUR
• The Harbours are classified as follows:
• Classification based on Formation
• Classification based on Utility
• Classification based on Location
Classification based on Formation
• The layout of harbours can be broadly
categorised as follows:
1)Natural Harbour
2)Semi natural Harbour
3)Artificial Harbour
Classification based on Formation
• Natural Harbours: It is an inlet or water area
protected from storms and waves by natural
configuration of land.
• Its entrance is so located and formed as to
facilitate navigation quite within the harbour.
• They are natural formations in form of creaks
and basins.
• These harbours also provide facilities for
repairs, storage of cargo and related aminities.
• New york and San Francisco are most well
known natural Harbours.
Classification based on Formation
• Semi natural Harbour: It is an inlet or a river
sheltered on two sides by headlands requiring
artificial protection only at the entrance.
• Artificial Harbour: It is an area protected from
the effects of waves either by break waters or
by dredging.
• Artificial formations in the form of break waters
are constructed to provide shelters to ships and
vessels during bad weathers.
• These artificial harbour walls provides a tract or
area of water close to the shore. These are
called as Artificial Road – Stead.
Classification based on Utility
• On the basis of Utility the Harbours are
classifies as:
1)Refuge Harbour
2)Commercial Harbour
3)Fishery Harbour
4)Military Harbour
Classification based on Utility
• They are used solely as heaven for ships in a
storm.
• They can be part of commercial harbours also.
• These harbours should allow all types of crafts
and ships in an emergency.
• Hence they also provide commodious
accommodation.
• All disabled ships or damaged ships need quick
shelter and immidiate repairs. These harbous
should have ready accessibility and safe
Anchorage system.
Classification based on Utility
• Commercial Harbour: It is a harbour in which
docks are provided with neccessary facilties for
loading and discharging of cargo.
• Dry docks some times provided for ship repairs.
• These harbours can be situated on coasts or
estuaries of big rivers or even on land river
banks.
• They should have adiquate number of storage
sheds for [Link] commercial harbours are
privately owned and operated by companies
(metal, coal, oil, fertiizers etc).
Classification based on Utility
• Fishery Harbour: These harbours should be
open constently for deparure and arrival of
fishing ships.
• They should have adiquate loading and
unloading facilites.
• The harbours should have sufficient number of
railway sidings and approach roads.
• These harbours must have adiquate number of
refrigerated stores with ample storage capacity.
Classification based on Utility
• Military Harbour: These harbours are navel
base for the purpose of accommodating navel
vessels.
Classification based on Location
• Based on the location harbour can be classified
as:
1)Sea (or) Ocean Harbour
2)River (or) Estuary Harbour
3)Canal Harbour
4)Lake Harbour
Classification based on Location
1) Sea (or) Ocean Harbour
• These harbours are situated on the coast of a
sea or Ocean.
• They are intended for sea going vessels.
• These vessels are may vary from oil tankers to
fishing crafts.
• The main problem of design of harbours are
the penetration of waves into the harbours,
particularly in case of sandy coasts in sea
harbours.
Classification based on Location
2) River (or) Estuary Harbour: Rivers and
estuaries from the natural transportation routes
between the sea and land.
Many harbours have been developed along
the banks of these water ways.
In olden days the size of vessels are small and
then it was often possible to construct sea
ports for inlands.
Hence many of the present large sea ports
have been constructed on a tidal rivers.
Classification based on Location
3) Canal Harbour: harbours can also be located
along canals for both inland and sea going
navigations.
Canal are generally dredged when the natural
access routes from the sea do not meet the
requirements any more.
The depth and width of a canal can be easily
adapted to the demand of navigation.
Classification based on Location
4) Lake Harbour: These harbours are constructed
along the shores of the lakes.
If these lakes are large the conditions are
similar those in a sea or ocean, except that
tidal action that not occur.
Site selection for Harbour
• After the preliminary layouts of the port have
been completed and before starting the final
design, the additional site information is
neccessary.
a) A hydrographic survey of the harbour & channel area.
b) A topographic survey of the marine terminal area on shore.
c) Soil investigations.
d) Tide and current observation
e) Obtaining information on Wind, waves & earthquakes.
PORTS
• PORT: A Port is a place where marine terminal
facilities are provided.
• The terminal facilities are required for
improvement and development of commerce.
• These facilities consists of piers of wharves at
which ships berth while loading and unloading
cargo.
• Ports also facilitates the servicing of ships.
REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD PORT
It should have easy connections with rail and
highway.
It should be situated at a place where hinterland
is fertile with good population density.
Ports should have proper anchor facility, while
waiting for a berth to load or unload of cargo.
Port should have adiquate facilities for handling
and storage of commodities.
Ports must have facilities for servicing of ships.
CLASSIFICATION OF PORT
The ports can be either Natural or Artificial.
They can also be either River Ports or Sea
ports.
A river port is an upstream development for
handling the freight of river boats and barges.
River ports have simpler problems than the sea
ports because the factor of protection from
wave action is minimized.
River port terminal facilities location are less
dependent upon topographical features.
BREAK WATER
• Breakwater: This is a protective barrier
constructed to form a artificial harbour with
a water area so protected from the effect
of sea waves for shipping.
Breakwater
• A breakwater is a structure which reflects
and dissipates the force of wind generated
waves.
• They acts as protective barrier to enclose
harbours and to keep the harbour water
undisturbed.
• This area enclosed will serves as a safe
anchorage for ships.
Breakwater
• The inside of a breakwater when constructed
as a quay for handling cargo then it is known
as MOLE.
• Generally, backwaters are constructed of
masonry above the water lane where the
wave action is most severe.
• The masonry structures of breakwater may
rest upon a rubble mound at an elevation
below low tide.
• The height of breakwater depends upon its
purpose.(generally 1.2 to 1.25 times ht of
wave expected)
Types of Breakwater
• Common types of breakwaters are as follows
Stone Dike: This is the simplest form and
economical type of breakwater as shown in
figure.
Types of Breakwater
Concrete block: This one is stronger than the
stone dike breakwater.
A concrete block of 5 to 6 tonnes are kept
over the stone dike, to increase the strength
of breakwater.
Concrete caisson: This is one of the stable
types and is used in deep sea area. It is
costly.
Types of Breakwater
Rubble Mound Type: The mound type
breakwaters are constructed by materials
like natural rock, concrete blocks,
combination of rock and concrete block, and
concrete TRTRAPODS and TRIBARS or
other irregular shapes ( as shown in fig).
Types of Breakwater
The place where durable rock is available in
plenty economical cost then rubble mound
breakwaters are preferred.
Generally a rock mound breakwaters is comprised
of a central portion called core and protected layers
called armour is provided for the better dissipation
of energy.
