Para-707
Alia Batool
2012-ag-2602
Helminthes
Platyhelminthes Nemathelminthes
Trematoda Cestoda Nematoda
Locomotion by muscular contraction & relaxation
Digestive system complete, rudimentary /absent
Nervous & excretory system primitive
Reproductive system very well developed
Self-fertilization & cross-fertilization
Life cycle direct and relatively simple
Helminth population determined by host-parasite relationship
Worms
bilateral symmetry, head and tail
Tissue differentiation into
ectoderm,
mesoderm
endoderm
> 20,000 species collectively
Aceoelomates
Cilia, but not cuticle
Prefer living around moist environments
Common opening, both for mouth and anus
Digestive system incomplete
Well developed sensory system
Pseudo-coelomates
Cylindrical, tapered at both ends
A rigid outer covering: cuticle
Complete digestive tract
Two major nerve centers:
The Circumesophageal commissure, or nerve ring
The rectal commissure (ventral or dorsal nerve-cord)
Biohelminthes
Geohelminthes
Contact helminthes
Platyhelminthes
Trematoda
(a) Genus Fasciola e.g. F. hepatica
(b) Genus Schistosoma e.g. S. hematobium
Cestoda
(a) Genus Taenia e.g. T. saginata
(b) Genus Echinococcus e.g. E. granulosus
(c) Genus Hymenolepis e.g. H. nana
(d) Genus Diphyllobothrium e.g. D. latum
Nemathelminthes
Nematoda
a) Intestinal Nematodes
e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides
a) Somatic Nematodes
e.g. Wuchereria bancrofti
Schistosomiasis (snail fever)
o Schistosoma japonicum (intestinal)
o Scistosoma mansoni (intestinal)
o Schistosoma hematobium (UTI)
Within few days after infection Itchy skin
1-2months of infection inflammaton, Scarring
Eggs in spinal cord/brain convulsions, paralysis
Treatment Prazyquantal , Metrifonate, Oxamniquine
Fasciola hepatica
Found in sheep grazing on wet pasture
Penetrates GIT wall of IH (snail)
Mature & form Cercariae
Shed to environment & encyst
Metacercaria formed, infect human on ingestion
Severe damage to bile duct & hepatic tissue
Treatment Triclabendazole
Diphyllobothrium latum
Transmission drinking of larvae in fresh water fish
Cause vitamin B12 deficiency leading to aneima
Treatment Prazyquantel
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
Ingestion of undercooked/raw pork meat
Causes Cystisercosis and neurocysticercosis
Mass lesions in brain (swiss cheese appearance)
Treatment Prazyquantal
Ascaris lumbricoides
(Ascariasis)
Visible in feces
Causes intestinal infection
Abdominal pain & swelling, shortness of breath,
diarrhea, fever in the beginning
Treatment Pyrantel pamoate, Albendazole,
Mebendazole
Enterobius vermicularis
(human pinworm)
From food contaminated with eggs
Causes intestinal infection & anal pruritis
Treatment pyrantel pamoate
Soil-transmitted helminthes (Ascaris, Hookworms)
Arthropod-transmitted helminthes (Filaria, Dracunculus)
Food and animal-transmitted helminthes (Taenia)
Snail-transmitted helminthes (Fasciola, Schistosoma)
Direct or contagious-transmitted helminthes (Enterobius,
Hymenolepis)
1.Contaminated soil (Geo-helminthes)
2. Blood sucking insects (filarial worms)
3. Food (Taenia saginata in raw meat)
4. Water-snail (cercariae of blood flukes)
5. Person to person (Enterobius vermicularis)
Enter body via different routes:
mouth, skin & respiratory tract
Direct damage
Blockage (helminth size, migration, granuloma)
Anemia
Tissue necrosis
Indirect damage
Host response
Inflammation
Hypersensitivity
Qualitative and Quantitative
o Sample
Stool, blood, tissue biopsy, duodenal aspiration,
sputum, urine
o Diagnostic stage
Adult, Proglottid or segment, Eggs ,Larvae (cysticercus,
filariform and microfilariae)
Naked eye, microscopy
Others:
Stool culture
Concentration techniques
Scotch tape
histopathological findings
Primary prevention
Snail control (eradication of IH)
Improving the quality of WASH
Avoid eating raw/undercooked meat
Reveal & treat sick humans
Health education
Secondary prevention
Early diagnosis
Prompt treatment
Broad spectrum Benzimidazole
(albendazole, mebendazole)
Macrocyclic Lactones (ivermectin)
Praziquantel
Oxamniquine
