1

Displaying Data
from Multiple Tables Using
Joins
Objectives 2

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the

following:
 Write SELECT statements to access data from more than
one table using equijoins and nonequijoins
 Join a table to itself by using a self-join
 View data that generally does not meet a join condition
by using OUTER joins
 Generate a Cartesian product of all rows from two or
more tables
Agenda 3

 Types of JOINS and its syntax

 Natural join
 Join with the USING Clause
 Join with the ON Clause
 Self-join
 Nonequijoins
 OUTER join:
 LEFT OUTER join
 RIGHT OUTER join
 FULL OUTER join
 Cartesian product
 Cross join
Obtaining Data from Multiple 4

TablesEMPLOYEES DEPARTMENTS

…
Types of Joins 5

Joins that are compliant with the SQL:1999 standard include the
following:
 Natural join with the NATURAL JOIN clause
 Join with the USING Clause
 Join with the ON Clause
 OUTER joins:
 LEFT OUTER JOIN
 RIGHT OUTER JOIN
 FULL OUTER JOIN
 Cross joins
Joining Tables Using SQL:1999 6

Syntax
Use a join to query data from more than one table:
SELECT table1.column, table2.column
FROM table1
[NATURAL JOIN table2] |
[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] |
[JOIN table2
ON (table1.column_name = table2.column_name)]|
[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON (table1.column_name = table2.column_name)]|
[CROSS JOIN table2];
Qualifying Ambiguous Column 7

Names
 Use table prefixes to qualify column names that are in multiple
tables.
 Use table prefixes to increase the speed of parsing of the
statement .
 Instead of full table name prefixes, use table aliases.
 Table alias gives a table a shorter name:
 Keeps SQL code smaller, uses less memory
 Use column aliases to distinguish columns that have identical
names, but reside in different tables.
Agenda 8

 Types of JOINS and its syntax

 Natural join
 Join with the USING Clause
 Join with the ON Clause
 Self-join
 Nonequijoins
 OUTER join:
 LEFT OUTER join
 RIGHT OUTER join
 FULL OUTER join
 Cartesian product
 Cross join
Creating Natural Joins 9

 The NATURAL JOIN clause is based on all the columns in the

two tables that have the same name.
 It selects rows from the two tables that have equal values in all
matched columns.
 If the columns having the same names have different data
types, an error is returned.
Retrieving Records with Natural 10
Joins
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_id,
department_name
from employees NATURAL JOIN departments;
Creating Joins with the USING 11

Clause
 If several columns have the same names but the data types do
not match, use the USING clause to specify the columns for the
equijoin.
 Use the USING clause to match only one column when more
than one column matches.
 The NATURAL JOIN and USING clauses are mutually exclusive.
Joining Column Names 12

EMPLOYEES DEPARTMENTS

…
Primary key
Foreign key
Retrieving Records with the 13
USING Clause
SELECT employee_id, last_name,
location_id, department_id
FROM employees JOIN departments
USING (department_id) ;

…
Table Aliases with the USING 14

Clause
 Do not qualify a column that is used in the USING clause.
 If the same column is used elsewhere in the SQL statement, do
not alias it.
SELECT l.city, d.department_name
FROM locations l JOIN departments d
USING (location_id)
WHERE d.location_id = 1700;
Creating Joins with the ON 15

Clause
 The join condition for the natural join is basically an equijoin of
all columns with the same name.
 Use the ON clause to specify arbitrary conditions or specify
columns to join.
 The join condition is separated from other search conditions.
 The ON clause makes code easy to understand.
Retrieving Records with the ON 16

Clause
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,
d.department_id, d.location_id
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);
Three-Way Joins with the ON 17

Clause
SELECT employee_id, city, department_name
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d
ON d.department_id = e.department_id
JOIN locations l
ON d.location_id = l.location_id;

…
Applying Additional Conditions to 18

a Join
 Use the AND clause or the WHERE clause to apply additional
conditions:
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,
d.department_id, d.location_id
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id)
AND e.manager_id = 100 ;
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,
d.department_id, d.location_id
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id)
WHERE e.manager_id = 100 ;
Agenda 19

 Types of JOINS and its syntax

 Natural join
 Join with the USING Clause
 Join with the ON Clause
 Self-join
 Nonequijoins
 OUTER join:
 LEFT OUTER join
 RIGHT OUTER join
 FULL OUTER join
 Cartesian product
 Cross join
Joining a Table to Itself 20

EMPLOYEES (WORKER) EMPLOYEES (MANAGER)

… …

MANAGER_ID in the WORKER table is equal to

EMPLOYEE_ID in the MANAGER table.
Self-Joins Using the ON Clause 21

SELECT worker.last_name emp, manager.last_name mgr

FROM employees worker JOIN employees manager
ON (worker.manager_id = manager.employee_id);

…
Agenda 22

 Types of JOINS and its syntax

 Natural join
 Join with the USING Clause
 Join with the ON Clause
 Self-join
 Nonequijoins
 OUTER join:
 LEFT OUTER join
 RIGHT OUTER join
 FULL OUTER join
 Cartesian product
 Cross join
Non-equi Joins 23

EMPLOYEES JOB_GRADES

The JOB_GRADES table defines the

LOWEST_SAL and HIGHEST_SAL range
… of values for each GRADE_LEVEL.
Therefore, the GRADE_LEVEL column can
be used to assign grades to each
employee.
Retrieving Records with Non-equi 24

Joins
SELECT e.last_name, e.salary, j.grade_level
FROM employees e JOIN job_grades j
ON e.salary
BETWEEN j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal;

…
Agenda 25

• Types of JOINS and its syntax

• Natural join
• Join with the USING Clause
• Join with the ON Clause
• Self-join
• Nonequijoins
• OUTER join:
– LEFT OUTER join
– RIGHT OUTER join
– FULL OUTER join
• Cartesian product
– Cross join
Returning Records with No Direct Match
26
Using OUTER Joins
DEPARTMENTS Equijoin with EMPLOYEES

There are no employees …

in department 190.

Employee “Grant” has

not been assigned a
department ID.
INNER vs OUTER Joins 27

 In SQL:1999, the join of two tables returning only matched rows

is called an INNER join.
 A join between two tables that returns the results of the INNER
join as well as the unmatched rows from the left (or right) table
is called a left (or right) OUTER join.
 A join between two tables that returns the results of an INNER
join as well as the results of a left and right join is a full OUTER
join.
LEFT OUTER JOIN
28

SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name

FROM employees e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id) ;

…
RIGHT OUTER JOIN
29

SELECT e.last_name, d.department_id, d.department_name

FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id) ;

…
FULL OUTER JOIN 30

SELECT e.last_name, d.department_id, d.department_name

FROM employees e FULL OUTER JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id) ;

…
Agenda 31

 Types of JOINS and its syntax

 Natural join
 Join with the USING Clause
 Join with the ON Clause
 Self-join
 Nonequijoins
 OUTER join:
 LEFT OUTER join
 RIGHT OUTER join
 FULL OUTER join
 Cartesian product
 Cross join
Cartesian Products 32

 A Cartesian product is formed when:

A join condition is omitted
A join condition is invalid
 Allrows in the first table are joined to all rows in the second
table
 Always include a valid join condition if you want to avoid a
Cartesian product.
Generating a Cartesian Product 33

EMPLOYEES (20 rows) DEPARTMENTS (8 rows)

Cartesian product:
20 x 8 = 160 rows
…

…
Creating Cross Joins 34

 The CROSS JOIN clause produces the cross-product of two

tables.
 This is also called a Cartesian product between the two tables.
SELECT last_name, department_name
FROM employees
CROSS JOIN departments ;

…
Summary 35

In this lesson, you should have learned how to use joins to display
data from multiple tables by using:
 Equijoins
 Nonequijoins
 OUTER joins
 Self-joins
 Cross joins
 Natural joins
 Full (or two-sided) OUTER joins
Practice Overview 36

This practice covers the following topics:

 Joining tables using an equijoin
 Performing outer and self-joins
 Adding conditions
1. Write a query to display the last name, department number, and department 37
name for all employees.

2. Create a unique listing of all jobs that are in department 80. Include the location of
the department in the output.

3. Write a query to display the employee last name, department name, location ID,
and city of all employees who earn a commission

4. Display the employee last name and department name for all employees who
have an a (lowercase) in their last names. Place your SQL statement in a text file
named prac7_1.sql.

5. Write a query to display the last name, job, department number, and department
name for all employees who work in Toronto.
 38
6. Display the employee last name and employee number along with their
manager’s last name and manager number. Label the columns Employee,
Emp#, Manager, and Mgr#, respectively.
Place your SQL statement in a text file named parc7_2.sql.

7. Modify prac7_2.sql to display all employees including King, who has no manager.
Order the results by the employee number.
Place your SQL statement in a text file named prac7_3.sql. Run the query in
prac7_3.sql.

8. Create a query that displays employee last names, department numbers, and all
the employees who work in the same department as a given employee. Give each
column an appropriate label.