PHYLUM CHORDATA
members of this group have four characteristics that
are present in any of the stages in their life cycle:
notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, gill slits and a
post-anal tail
inmany chordates, the notochord later becomes the
backbone
the phylum contains about 43,700 species, making it
the third-largest phylum in the animal kingdom
the phylum Chordata is divided into three subphylums:
Tunicata (tunicates), Cephalachordata (lancelets), and
Vertebrata (vertebrates)
CHARACTERISTICS
Tunicataand Cephalochordata are also called Lower
Chordates.
Lower Chordates are also called invertebrate
chordates because they do not have backbone;
instead, they have notochord in the entire length of the
body and persists throughout their life.
they live in the sea
CHARACTERISTICS
Tunicates belong in this group.
The adult tunicates have only the gill slits present, but
the larva stages have all the four features of a
chordate.
they attach to solid materials like rocks or coral reefs
they are filter feeders
TUNICATA
Lancelets belong in this group.
They have 4 chordate characteristics present in the
adult stage
live in the sandy ocean bottom; suspension feeders
move in a fishlike motion
CEPHALOCHORDATA
most are sea and land dwellers forming the large group of
chordates
notochord is replaced by the backbone or the vertebral
column (plural is vertebrae)
nerve cord is enclosed by the projections of the vertebrae
theprotected nerve cord enlarges at the anterior end to
develop into the brain
tail can be the bone and muscle used for swimming
gill
slits may remain or modified into other structures for
gas exchange
VERTEBRATES
found in salty, fresh, cold, or even hot water
mosthave scales for protection, paired fins for
movement, and gills for gas exchange
may lay eggs or give birth to live young
they are cold-blooded
there are 3 major classes of fish: Class Agnatha,
Class Chondrichthyes, Class Osteichthyes
FISHES
“a=not”; “gnathos=jaw” CLASS AGNATHA
the jawless fishes
examples are lampreys and hag fish
“chondro=cartilage”; “ichthyes=fishes”
the cartilaginous fishes
skeleton is made of the soft, flexible protein material
called cartilage
most are covered with a tough, sandpaper-like skin
due to the presence of tooth-like scales
some eat floating planktons and invertebrates at the
bottom of the seas and oceans
examples are rays, skates and sharks
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
BUTANDING – THE LARGEST FISH
“osteon=bone”; “ichthyes=fishes”
the bony fishes
endoskeleton is made of hard, calcium material
called bone
examples are milkfish, tuna, goldfish, tilapia,
lungfish, eels, etc..
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
LUNGFISH
EEL
QUESTION:
Compare the skeleton of the shark and the tilapia.
The skeleton of the shark is made of cartilage
while that of the tilapia is made of bones.
“amphios=double”; “bios=life”
larvalpart of life is spent in water and the adult part is
spent on land but close to water or damp habitats
most lay small, shell-less eggs surrounded by jelly-like
substance in moist places or in water, which will hatch
into tadpoles with gills and tails
they lose the tail to develop lungs as well as legs
theyalso have moist skin to help the lungs for gas
exchange while in dry land
first land vertebrates to emerge
CLASS AMPHIBIA
amphibians
are divided
into 3 orders:
Apoda
(Caecilians),
Caudata
(Salamander
s and Newts)
and Anura
(Frog and
Toads)
CLASS AMPHIBIA
“repere=to creep”
they exhibit more adaptations for living on land
they lay eggs with shells to protect them from drying
bodies are covered with smooth or rough scales for
protection from loss of body water
reptiliansare divided into 4 orders: Crocodilia (crocodiles
and alligators: 23 species), Sphenodontia (tuataras from
New Zealand: 2 species), Squamata (lizards and snakes:
about 7,900 species), Testudines (turtles and tortoises:
approximately 300 species)
CLASS REPTILIA
LIZARDS and SNAKES have smooth scales.
Lizards
typically have four legs, feet and external ears,
though some are legless, while Snakes lack both of these
characteristics.
Snakes have flexible jaws to swallow their prey whole.
ORDER SQUAMATA
CROCODILES and ALLIGATORS belong in this order
predatorsof fish, deers, small cows or carabaos, and
even attack humans
Alligatorslive in freshwater; Crocodiles live in fresh and
salty waters
ORDER CROCODILIA
TURTLES and TORTOISES belong in this order
their bodies are enclosed in a shell; the head, legs, and
tail are pulled inside the shell for protection
TORTOISES live on land; Turtles live mostly in water
ORDER TESTUDINES
“aves=birds”
most are adapted to fly due to: presence of wings and
feathers, large flight muscles in the breast bone and
reduced weight
birdsalso have eggs with shells; legs are covered with
scales
ingeneral, birds have scaly feet, wings for flight and
beaks or bills for food-getting
birds are warm-blooded
CLASS AVES
CLASS AVES
“mamma=breast”
have mammary glands that produce milk and most
have hair or fur
they breathe in air, have four-chambered hearts and
are warm-bloodied
thereare 3 main groups of mammals: Monotremata,
Marsupialia, and Placentalia
CLASS MAMMALIA
“trema=hole”
monotremes; the only egg-laying mammals
examples are the spiny anteater (echidnas) and the
duck-billed platypus
MONOTREMATA
“marsupium=pouch”
give birth to live young
afterbirth, the young are kept inside pouches and are
nourished with the milk
opossum, koalas, kangaroos, wombats and flying
phalangers belong in this group
MARSUPIALIA
the largest and most diverse form of chordates; 11 orders
also called eutherians, they bear fully developed young
inside the mother’s uterus
young are attached to the placenta
PLACENTALIA
