2018 TechCon SE Asia Conference and Exhibition, Manila, Philippines
POWER TRANSMISSION
INFRASTRUCTURE:
PHILIPPINE SETTING
April 25, 2018
WILMER M. SUZARA, MSc(Eng)
National Grid Corporation of the Philippines
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1. Background
2. Infrastructure Vulnerability
3. Distinctive Design Considerations
4. Resiliency Strategies of NGCP
5. Conclusion
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WHAT IS SO UNIQUE ABOUT THE
PHILIPPINE SETTING?
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Geographical Location of the Philippines (Pacific Ring of Fire) 1. BACKGROUND
Reason No. 1
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
Philippines lies along the
Pacific Ring of Fire :
an area around the edges of
the Pacific Ocean where
roughly 90% of all
earthquakes occur.
(Taken from National Geographic Society Website. Map courtesy of USGS)
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Geographical Location of the Philippines (Pacific Ring of Fire) 1. BACKGROUND
SEISMICITY MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES
Figure shows the
Seismicity Map of
the Philippines
where around 1,179
epicenters of
earthquake events
with moment
magnitude greater
than Mw 5.1 are
indicated.
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Geographical Location of the Philippines (Pacific Ring of Fire) 1. BACKGROUND
ACTIVE FAULTS & TRENCHES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Figure shows the numerous fault lines
traversing the entire country.
These areas are where earthquakes are
likely to occur.
According to PHIVOLCS, the 1,200-km-
long Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ) is a major
tectonic feature that transects the whole
Philippine archipelago and has been the
source of large magnitude earthquakes in
recent years.
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Geographical Location of the Philippines (Typhoon Alley) 1. BACKGROUND
Reason No. 2
TYPHOON ALLEY OF THE WORLD
Philippines is adjacent to
Western Pacific which is home
to “Typhoon Alley”:
Western area of the Pacific
Ocean is considered as the
busiest location where tropical
cyclones are formed.
Thus, our country experiences
many typhoons regularly.
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Geographical Location of the Philippines (Typhoon Alley) 1. BACKGROUND
TRACKS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES THAT FORMED
IN WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC REGION
PAGASA reveals that the
annual average of tropical
cyclones forming over the
Western North Pacific that
8 or 9 enters Philippine Area of
20 Responsibility (PAR) is 20.
8 or 9
An annual average of 8 or 9
tropical cyclones made
landfall/crossed the country
Source: PAGASA
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Philippine Power Transmission Network 1. BACKGROUND
LUZON TRANSMISSION VISAYAS TRANSMISSION MINDANAO TRANSMISSION
NETWORK NETWORK NETWORK
High Voltage Lines : 500 kV, 350 kV HVDC, 230 kV, 138 kV, 115 kV and 69 kV
Substation Capacity : 34,007 MVA*
Transmission Line Length : 20,849 circuit-km*
* As of December 2017
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2. INFRASTRUCTURE VULNERABILITY
One specific destructive natural calamity that demonstrated actual case of
infrastructure vulnerability as the design parameters were exceeded is :
The occurrence of
Super Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan)
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Super Typhoon Yolanda 2. INFRASTRUCTURE VULNERABILITY
Extremely powerful typhoon that brought
destruction to the Philippines in November 2013.
Devastated transmission lines under the Visayas
Transmission Network.
ST Yolanda 1-minute sustained winds: 315 kph
Source: PAGASA
(according to Joint Typhoon Warning Center)
unofficially making Haiyan the 4th most intense
tropical cyclone ever observed.
Design wind velocity (3-sec gust wind at 10m above
ground) of transmission lines in that region:
270 kph in Samar areas
240 kph in Leyte areas Source: SGCC
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Super Typhoon Yolanda 2. INFRASTRUCTURE VULNERABILITY
Total number of toppled towers: 246
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DISTINCTIVE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1. WIND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 2. SEISMIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
3. INSERTION OF TENSION TOWER WITHIN
A SERIES OF SUSPENSION TOWERS TO
AVOID CASCADING COLLAPSE
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Wind Design Considerations 3. DISTINCTIVE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
EVOLUTION OF WIND DESIGN
SPECIFICATIONS
Wind Zone Maps specify
wind velocity to be used in
the design of transmission
towers and poles./
Have evolved from a single-
zone wind map to the
current three-zone wind
map.
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Wind Design Considerations 3. DISTINCTIVE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
CURRENT PHILIPPINE WIND ZONE MAP
Zone Design Wind
1 270 KPH
These design wind values are greater
than those places not adjacent to the
Typhoon Alley of the World.
2 240 KPH
3 160 KPH
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Wind Design Considerations 3. DISTINCTIVE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
In response to the Super Typhoon Yolanda
experience:
270 kph
the replacement towers for 300 kph
the toppled towers were
designed using 300 kph wind.
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Seismic Design Considerations 3. DISTINCTIVE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
PHILIPPINE EARTHQUAKE MODEL (PEM)
A Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA)
of the Philippines and of Metro Manila
This document launched recently by PHIVOLCS
specifies site-specific probabilistic horizontal
ground accelerations that may be used as basis
in seismic design of new buildings and
infrastructures.
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Seismic Design Considerations 3. DISTINCTIVE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION (PGA)
MAP @ 1000 RP
This figure specifies the
probabilistic on-site PGA which is
approximately equivalent to the
seismic coefficient used in
calculating for the design base
shear.
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Seismic Design Considerations 3. DISTINCTIVE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Sofitel Philippine Plaza
PGA = 0.35g to 0.40g
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Insertion of Tension Tower 3. DISTINCTIVE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
INSERTION OF TENSION TOWER WITHIN A SERIES OF SUSPENSION TOWERS TO AVOID
CASCADING COLLAPSE
Tension tower 8 to 10 suspension towers in series Tension tower
• NGCP limits the number of suspension towers in series from 8 to 10
towers to avoid cascading toppling . Tension tower is inserted to
provide strength to the line.
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4. RESILIENCY STRATEGIES OF NGCP
Below are some of the resiliency measures being undertaken by NGCP to recover
readily from the destructive effects of natural phenomena such as strong typhoons
and powerful earthquakes:
1. Implementation of Single Outage Contingency (N-1)
Operational Criterion
2. Strategic Deployment and Management of ERS
3. Strategic Deployment and Management of Equipment
Spares
4. Seismic Retrofit of Power Transformer Foundations Using
Base Isolation System
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N-1 Operational Criterion 4. RESILIENCY STRATEGIES OF NGCP
Single Outage Contingency (N-1) Operational Criterion specifies that the Grid shall
continue to operate in the Normal State following the loss of one Generating Unit,
transmission line, or transformer.”
NGCP is continuously improving the Philippine Grid by erecting and constructing
additional transmission lines and substations to ensure that the N-1 criterion is
realized.
Transmission projects being undertaken by NGCP are not only for capacity addition
but some are intended to create or maintain N-1 contingency on the system.
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Strategic Deployment and Management of ERS 4. RESILIENCY STRATEGIES OF NGCP
• NGCP maintains and manages the ERS to ensure
availability and immediate supply during emergency
restoration activities.
• The key to being able to respond quickly when there
are service interruptions is to have the components of
the ERS already nearby and available. As such, the ERS,
parts and accessories, tools, equipment and
consumables are stored strategically nationwide.
• NGCP keeps a minimum inventory of 100 sets of ERS.
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Strategic Deployment andManagement ofEquipment Spares 4. RESILIENCY STRATEGIES OF NGCP
STRATEGIC DEPLOYMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF
EQUIPMENT SPARES
NGCP ensures that adequate quantity of spares is
available to be used in the restoration process
due to unforeseen equipment failures or force
majeure events.
Not all equipment is provided with spares. Spares
are determined based on its criticality and
availability.
For transmission line materials, spares for steel
poles shall be 2,000 pcs.
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Seismic Retrofit of Transformer Foundation 4. RESILIENCY STRATEGIES OF NGCP
SEISMIC RETROFIT OF POWER TRANSFORMER
FOUNDATIONS USING BASE ISOLATION SYSTEM
Transformer
NGCP is now embarking on undertaking retrofitting
Base Isolator
works to the existing transformer foundations.
One scheme being considered is the application of Foundation
base isolation system using:
• High Damping Bearings
• Lead Rubber Bearings
• Flat Slider Bearings
• Ball & Roller Bearings
Source: DIS
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5. CONCLUSION
Despite being geographically located along the Pacific Ring of Fire where strong
earthquakes occur, and adjacent to the Typhoon Alley of the World where
majority of the typhoons are formed, the NGCP power transmission
infrastructure in general is performing well and able to withstand the forces
being imposed by super typhoons and large magnitude earthquakes.
This can be attributed to the stringent design considerations already
established by NGCP for transmission infrastructure, taking into account its
vulnerability.
The resiliency strategies being carried out by NGCP also render the national grid
robust and reliable.
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Thank you for your attention!
