INTRODUCTI
ON TO SQL
TOPIC OUTLINE
▰ 7-1 Introduction to SQL
▰ 7-2 Data Definition Commands
▰ 7-2b Creating The Database
▰ 7-2d Data Types
▰ 7-2e Creating Table Structures
▰ 7-2f SQL Constraints
▰ 7-2g SQL Indexes
TOPIC OUTLINE
▰ 7-3 Data Manipulation Commands
▰ 7-3a Adding Table Rows
▰ 7-3b Saving Table Changes
▰ 7-3c Listing Table Rows
▰ 7-3d Updating Table Rows
▰ 7-3e Restoring Table Contents
▰ 7-3f Deleting Table Rows
TOPIC OUTLINE
▰ 7-3g Inserting Table Rows with a Select Subquery
1
Introduction to SQL
INTRODUCTION TO SQL
▰ Ideally, a database language allows you to
create database and table structures, perform
basic data management chores (add, delete,
and modify), and perform complex queries
designed to transform the raw data into useful
information.
CATEGORIES OF SQL FUNCTIONS
▰ Data Definition Language (DDL)
▰ Data Manipulation Language (DML)
DATA DEFINITION COMMANDS
COMMAND OR
DESCRIPTION
OPTION
CREATE TABLE Creates a new table in the user’s database schema
NOT NULL Ensures that a column will not have null values
UNIQUE Ensures that a column will not have duplicate values
PRIMARY KEY Defines a primary key for a table
FOREIGN KEY Defines a foreign key for a table
DEFAULT Defines a default value for a column (when no value is given)
CHECK Validates data in an attribute
DATA DEFINITION COMMANDS
COMMAND OR
DESCRIPTION
OPTION
CREATE INDEX Creates an index for a table
Creates a dynamic subset of rows and columns from one or more
CREATE VIEW
tables
Modifies a table’s definition (adds, modifies, or deletes attributes or
ALTER TABLE
constraints)
Creates a new table based on a query in the user’s database
CREATE TABLE AS
schema
DROP TABLE Permanently deletes a table (and its data)
DROP INDEX Permanently deletes an index
DROP VIEW Permanently deletes a view
DATA MANIPULATION COMMANDS
COMMAND OR
DESCRIPTION
OPTION
INSERT Inserts row(s) into a table
SELECT Selects attributes from rows in one or more tables or views
WHERE Restricts the selection of rows based on a conditional expression
GROUP BY Groups the selected rows based on one or more attributes
Restricts the selection of grouped rows based on a
HAVING
condition
ORDER BY Orders the selected rows based on one or more attributes
UPDATE Modifies an attribute’s values in one or more table’s rows
DELETE Deletes one or more rows from a table
DATA MANIPULATION COMMANDS
COMMAND OR
DESCRIPTION
OPTION
=, <, >, <=, >=, <>,
Used in conditional expressions
!=
AND/OR/NOT Used in conditional expressions
BETWEEN Checks whether an attribute value is within a range
IS NULL Checks whether an attribute value is null
Checks whether an attribute value matches a given string
LIKE
pattern
Checks whether an attribute value matches any value within a
IN
value list
EXISTS Checks whether a subquery returns any rows
DATA MANIPULATION COMMANDS
COMMAND OR
DESCRIPTION
OPTION
Returns the number of rows with non-null values for a given
COUNT
column
MIN Returns the minimum attribute value found in a given column
MAX Returns the maximum attribute value found in a given column
SUM Returns the sum of all values for a given column
AVG Returns the average of all values for a given column
2
DATA DEFINITION
COMMANDS
CREATING THE DATABASE
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DATA TYPES
▰ A data type defines what kind of value a column
can hold: integer data, character data, monetary
data, date and time data, binary strings, and so
on.
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sp for the list of all data types in sql
SQL COMMANDS
SHOW DATABASES;
*To show the current database
SQL COMMANDS
CREATE DATABASE [name_of_database];
*To create the database with the database name
SQL COMMANDS
USE [name_of_database];
*To select the database created
SQL COMMANDS
USE [name_of_database];
*To select the database created
SQL COMMANDS
SHOW TABLES;
*to show the tables in the current database
SQL COMMANDS
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type(size)
constraint_name,
column_name2 data_type(size)
constraint_name,
column_name3 data_type(size)
constraint_name,
SQL CONSTRAINTS
▰ SQL constraints are used to specify rules for the
data in a table.
▰ If there is any violation between the constraint
and the data action, the action is aborted by the
constraint.
SQL CONSTRAINTS
▰ Constraints can be specified when the table is
created (inside the CREATE TABLE statement)
or after the table is created (inside the ALTER
TABLE statement).
SQL CONSTRAINTS
▰ NOT NULL - Indicates that a column cannot
store NULL value
▰ UNIQUE - Ensures that each row for a column
must have a unique value
SQL CONSTRAINTS
▰ PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL
and UNIQUE. Ensures that a column (or
combination of two or more columns) have a
unique identity which helps to find a particular
record in a table more easily and quickly
SQL CONSTRAINTS
▰ FOREIGN KEY - Ensure the referential integrity
of the data in one table to match values in
another table
▰ CHECK - Ensures that the value in a column
meets a specific condition
▰ DEFAULT - Specifies a default value for a
column
SQL COMMANDS
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES
(
‘data1’, ‘data2’,’data3’,
....
);
SQL COMMANDS
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES
(
‘data1’, ‘data2’,’data3’,
....
);
SQL COMMANDS
To display the data inserted
SELECT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name;
and
SELECT * FROM table_name;
SQL COMMANDS
To arrange the data to be displayed
SELECT *
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name [ASC|DESC];
SQL COMMANDS
To add a column in a table, use the following
syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype;
SQL COMMANDS
To delete a column in a table, use the following
syntax (notice that some database systems don't
allow deleting a column):
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name;
SQL COMMANDS
To change the data type of a column in a table,
use the following syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype;
SQL COMMANDS
To update the data inserted in the database
UPDATE tablename
SET columnname = expression WHERE
conditionlist;
SQL COMMANDS
To delete a record
DELETE FROM tablename
[WHERE conditionlist];
SQL COMMANDS
To delete the table
DROP TABLE table_name;
SQL COMMANDS
To delete the database
DROP DATABASE database_name;