Technology

ICT
Core: Computer Systems
 Introduction to Computer Studies
Chapter1

Becoming Fluent with

Becoming Fluent with Computers

What You Will Learn Computers

 Describe the main parts of a computer
 State the Basic Operations in a computer System
 Relate computer parts to the basic operations
 Identify a computer as a general purpose machine
that operates under different sets of instruction for
various users
 Differentiate between Data and Information
 Components of Computer System

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 Computer Fluency

EDUCATION
NOT FUTURE?
THE
ENGINEERING
COMMERCE
THIS
PERSONAL
ORGANIZING
HOME
PRODUCTIVITY
COMPUTING
TASKS

 The knowledge and skills possessed by people who

are able to navigate the digital world successfully.
 Computer-literate people are skilled in using
computers and the Internet.

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 Understanding the Computer

 A computer is a machine that, under a program’s

direction, performs four basic operations: input,
processing, output, and storage.
 A program is a list of instructions that tells a
computer how perform the four operations.

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 Input

 The first operation.

 The computer performs arithmetic or comparison
operations on data.
 Electrical impulses representing words, numbers,
images, or sounds.

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 Processing

Arithmetic Logic

4 + 16 = 20 728 > 546

 The second operation.

 The computer performs arithmetic or comparison
(logical) operations on the data.
 Performed at a very high speed.

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 Output

 The third operation.

 The computer shows the results of the processing
operation in a way people can understand.
 Data is processed into information.

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 Storage

 The fourth operation.

 The computer saves the data or output so that it can
be used again later.

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 Computer System

Hardware Software

 A collection of related computer components that

are designed to work together.
 A system includes hardware and software.

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 Hardware
 Hardware is the computer’s physical components.
 The components include:
Input devices– Enable users to enter data into the
computer for processing.
Processing circuitry– Components located in the
system’s case that transform data into
information.
Output devices– Peripherals that show the results
of processing.
Storage devices– Used to store all the programs
and data that the computer uses.
Communication Devices– Used to move data
between computers.
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Input: Transforming Data into Information
Key Terms

 Command– A type of input that tells the program

what to do.

 Confirmation– A message that indicates if the

command was or was not carried out.

 Keyboard– Enables the user to input characters.

 Pointing device– Enables the user to move an on–

screen pointer.

 Speech-recognition– A program that enables the

computer to transcribe spoken words into text.
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 Input Devices
Keyboard Mouse– pointing device

Microphone– Digital Cameras

speech-recognition

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 Processing: Transforming Data into
Information
Key Terms

 Central processing unit (CPU)– The computer’s processing

circuitry. It is also called a microprocessor.

 Chip– A wafer of silicon that contains a complex electronic

circuit.

 Motherboard– The computer’s main circuit board.

 Memory– Chips that store program instructions. Random

access memory (RAM) is the most important type.

 Expansion slots– A receptacle designed to accept a plug-in

expansion card.

 Expansion card– Used to connect peripherals (input/output

devices) to the motherboard.
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 Processing Devices
Motherboard
Expansion Card

Central Processing Unit– CPU

Random Access
Memory– RAM

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 Output: Displaying the Information
Key Terms
 Monitors– Display processing results on a screen.
Cathode ray tube– Monitor similar to televisions.
Flat-panel displays (LCD)– Monitor that uses liquid
crystal diodes.

 Speakers– Enable the user to hear the results of sound

processing.

 Printers– Generate output on paper.

Impact printers– Print heads strike a ribbon to produce
an image.

Nonimpact printers– Transfer the image to the paper.

• Inkjet printers
• Laser printers
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 Output Devices

Monitor
Printer

Speakers

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 Storage: Holding Programs and Data for
Future Use
Key Terms
 Storage media– Includes all types of storage media.
Magnetic storage media– Uses magnetically sensitive
material.
Optical storage media– Uses a laser beam to scan pits
etched into a disc.

 Writing– Recording data to a disk.

 Reading– Playing back information on a disk.

 Floppy disk– Removable storage medium.

 CD ROM– Optical storage medium.

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 CD / DVD
Storage Devices Hard Drive

Drive

Secure Digital
Card

Floppy
Disc PC Card

Compact
Disc
Flash
Drive

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 Communications Devices

Key Terms
 Computer network– Two or more computers
linked by some type of connection.
 Modem– Enables access to other computers by
way of a telephone line.
 Network interface card (NIC)– Enables computers
to connect to each other in a limited geographic
area.
 Local area network (LAN)– Computers connected
to each other within a building or group of
buildings.

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 Communications Devices
Modem
Network Interface
Card– NIC

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 Types of Computers
Workstation
Desktop– PC, Microcomputer

Notebook– Laptop Personal Digital

Assistant– PDA,
Handheld, Pocket PC

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 Introducing Software

 Software consists of the programs that give

the computer’s hardware its step-by-step
instructions.
 Software is created by programmers using a
programming language.
 Programs contain units called files.
 Transferring a program into the computer’s
memory is called loading.
 Once loaded into memory the program’s
instructions are carried out or executed.
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 Types of Software
System software Application software

 System software– All programs that help the

computer function properly.
 Application software– All the programs you
use to perform a task such as writing a
letter or browsing the World Wide Web.

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 System Software

 System software is divided into two categories:

 The operating system:
Provides support for running application
software.
Coordinates the various functions of the
computer’s hardware.
 System utilities:
Are programs for optimizing computer
performance.

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 Types of Operating Systems

 Command-line interface– Users type

instructions at the keyboard, one line at a
time. Examples: MS-DOS, PC DOS, UNIX
 Graphical user interface (GUI)– Users choose
items from menus by using a pointing device
to click on icons which represent resources
and commands. Examples: Windows, Mac
OS

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 Command-Line Interface

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 Graphical User Interface (GUI)

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 Application Software

 Application software includes all programs that

enable us to use the computer in a useful way.
 Custom software is developed for specific needs.
 Packaged software is produced for the mass market.

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 Software Suite

MS WORD MS EXCEL MS POWERPOINT

MS ACCESS MS PUBLISHER

 A collection of full-featured standalone programs

that usually share a common command structure
and have similar interfaces.

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 END

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