Dr.S.

Arul Mary,
Associate Professor,
Department of Civil
Thiagarajar College of Engg., Madurai-15

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 BEAM: Structural member subjected
to bending and shear.

Ma Va Vb Mb

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Yield and Plastic Moments

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 Yield and Plastic Moments

Moment can be related to stresses, , strains, ,

and curvature, .

Assumptions:

Stress strain law -

Initially assume linearly elastic, no residual stresses
(for elastic only).

Plane sections remain plane -

Strain varies linearly over the height of the cross
section (for elastic and inelastic range).

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 Fu

Esh
Fy
Stress

y sh u r
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3

Stress vs. Strain

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 Fu

Esh
Fy
Elastic-Perfectly Plastic
Assumed in Design
Stress

y sh u r
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3

Stress-strain law
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 Fu Initially we will
review behavior in
this range
Esh
Fy
Elastic-Perfectly Plastic
Assumed in Design
Stress

y sh u r
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3

Stress-strain law
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Yield and Plastic Moments

Plane sections remain plane.

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 Yield and Plastic Moments

P = A=0
Fi = A
Fi = 0
A

M = yA yi Centroid

M = yiFi Elastic
Neutral Axis,
ENA

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 Yield and Plastic Moments

max

y ymax

M M
ENA

 max

Elastic Behavior:
Strain related to stress by Modulus of Elasticity, E
 = E

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 Yield and Plastic Moments

Fy
Stress

Y Strain

Beyond yield -
Stress is constant,
Strain is not related to stress by Modulus of Elasticity, E

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 Yield and Plastic Moments

Fy

Now, consider what

happens once some
of the steel yields.
Stress

Y Strain

Beyond yield -
Stress is constant,
Strain is not related to stress by Modulus of Elasticity, E

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 y 
y

Increasing 

Fy Fy
Increasing  Theoretically,
reached at infinite
Beyond Elastic Behavior strain.

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 Yield and Plastic Moments

A1 A1

y yp A2/2
ENA x PNA x
A2 A2/2

A1 A1

Elastic Neutral Axis = Centroid Plastic Neutral Axis –

ENA 
 Ai yi y
If homogenous material (similar Fy), PNA
divides Equal Areas, A1+A2/2.
A i

For symmetric homogeneous sections, PNA =

ENA = Centroid
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 Yield and Plastic Moments

A1 A1

y yp A2/2
ENA x PNA x
A2 A2/2

A1 A1

Yield Moment, My = (Ix/y)fy = Zxfy Plastic Moment, Mp = ZpFy

Zx = Ix/y Zp = AyA
y = Distance to outer fiber
Ix = Moment of Inertia For homogenous materials,

Ix   
bh 3
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  A y 2 Zp = A iyi

Shape Factor = Mp/My

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 Yield and Plastic Moments

A1 A1
PNA
ENA
yp
y
A2 A2

Elastic Neutral Axis = Centroid

Plastic Neutral Axis ≠ Centroid

PNA divides equal forces in compression

ENA 
 Ay i i
y
and tension.

A i If all similar grade of steel

PNA divides equal areas.

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 Yield and Plastic Moments

A1 A1
PNA
ENA
yp
y
A2 A2

Plastic Moment, Mp = ZpFy

Yield Moment, My = (Ix/y)fy = Zxfy
Zp = AyA = A iyi,
Zx = Ix/c for similar material throughout the
y = distance to outer fiber
section.
Ix = Moment of Inertia

Shape Factor = Mp/My

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 Yield and Plastic Moments

With residual stresses, first yield actually occurs before My.

Therefore, all first yield

equations in the specification reference
0.7FyZx

This indicates first yield 30% earlier than My.

For 250 Mpa steel this indicates an expected residual stress of
(250 * 0.3) = 75 Mpa.

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 Yield and Plastic Moments

Consider what this does to the Moment-Curvature relationship

Mp

My

Moment EI

curvature, 

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 Yield and Plastic Moments

Consider what this does to the Moment-Curvature relationship

Mp

My
Including Residual Stresses

Moment EI

curvature, 

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Lateral Torsional Buckling
(LTB)

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 Lateral Torsional Buckling

LTB occurs along the length of the section.

Compression flange tries to buckle as a column.

Tension flange tries to stay in place.

Result is lateral movement of the compression flange and torsional

twist of the cross section.

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 Lateral Torsional Buckling

Lb X’s denote lateral brace

points.
X X X
Ma Va X Vb Mb

Lb is referred to as the unbraced length.

Braces restrain EITHER:

Lateral movement of compression flange or
Twisting in torsion.

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 Beam Lateral Bracing Examples
Brace must either prevent lateral
displacement of the compression flange, or
twist of the cross section

Compression Flange Cross beam acts as a lateral brace since it

will prevent lateral displacement of the
girder’s compression flange.

Tension Flange

Continuous concrete floor slab provides

Concrete Slab continuous bracing for the compression flange,
Compression Flange Lb=0, no LTB.

Note that if the bottom flange was in

compression there would be no lateral bracing
Tension Flange provided.

Concrete Slab
Tension Flange Tension Flange

Compression Flange Compression Flange

Lateral Displacement of the compression flange is prevented by the
diagonal members (typically angles)

Cross Frame

Here there is no concrete floor slab. The cross frame prevents twist of
each girder and therefore acts as a lateral brace for each girder. Either
of the flanges may be in compression
 Lateral Torsional Buckling

FACTORS IN LTB STRENGTH

Lb - the length between beam lateral bracing points.

Cb - measure of how much of flange is at full compression

within Lb.

Fy and residual stresses (1st yield).

Beam section properties - J, Cw, ry, Ze and Zp.

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 Lateral Torsional Buckling

The following sections have inherent restraint against LTB

for typical shapes and sizes.

Beam bent about its minor axis.

Box section about either axis.
HSS section about any axis.

For these cases LTB typically does not occur.

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 It should not laterally buckle
 None of its elements should buckle until a desired
limit state is achieved
 Limit state of serviceability must be satisfied
 Member should behave in accordance with the
expected performance of the system

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 1 Laterally Supported Beam
The design bending strength of beams,
adequately supported against lateral torsional
buckling (laterally supported beam) is governed by
the yield stress

 2 Laterally Unsupported Beams

When a beam is not adequately supported
against lateral buckling (laterally un-supported
beams) the design bending strength may be
governed by lateral torsional buckling strength

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Local Buckling

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Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling

Flange is restrained by the web at one edge.

Failure is localized at areas of high stress

(maximum moment) or imperfections.
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Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling

Flange is restrained by the web at one edge.

Failure is localized at areas of high stress

(maximum moment) or imperfections.
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Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling

Flange is restrained by the web at one edge.

Failure is localized at areas of high stress

(maximum moment) or imperfections.
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 Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling

Web is restrained by the flange at

one edge, web in tension at other.

Failure is localized at areas of high stress

(maximum moment) or imperfections.
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 Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling

Web is restrained by the flange at one

edge, web in tension at other.

Failure is localized at areas of high stress

(maximum moment) or imperfections.
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 Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling

Web is restrained by the flange at one

edge, web in tension at other.

Failure is localized at areas of high stress

(maximum moment) or imperfections.
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 Beam Buckling Modes
A
M Compression, possible buckling
M
Tension, no buckling

M M Flange Local Buckling (FLB)

M M Web Local Buckling (WLB)

A
Torsional Displacement
A Lateral Displacement
Lateral Braces
B
M M Lateral Torsional
Buckling (LTB)

Lateral Braces
Compression Flange

B
 Local Web Buckling Concerns

Bending in the plane of the web;

Reduces the ability of the web to carry its share of the bending
moment (even in elastic range).

Support in vertical plane;

Vertical stiffness of the web may be compromised to resist
compression flange downward motion.

Shear buckling;
Shear strength may be reduced.

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Shear Strength

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 Shear Strength

Shear limit states for beams

Shear Yielding of the web:

Failure by excessive deformation.

Shear Buckling of the web:

Slender webs (large d/tw) may buckle
prior to yielding.

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 Shear Strength

Shear Stress,  = (VQ)/(Ib)

 = shear stress at any height on the cross section

V = total shear force on the cross section
Q = first moment about the centroidal axis of the area
between the extreme fiber and where  is evaluated
I = moment of inertia of the entire cross section
b = width of the section at the location where  is
evaluated

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SHEAR
Shear in a solid rectangular section

h/2 y y
h/2
b

h  max  1.5
V
bh
, where y = 0

b shear distribution

Compute  at level y of the section:

VQ
 
Ib
 h  y
h 
2 2
Q  Ay  b   y  y  2   bh  by
2  2  8 2
 
Where: bh3
I 
12
 b  h 2   h2 
2
V    y  6V   y2 
 2  4    4   1.5 V   2y  
2

  

1   
 h  
2 3 3
b h bh bh  
12

This is a parabolic distribution of shear, as shown.

 Shear Strength

Shear stresses generally are low in the flange area

(where moment stresses are highest).

For design, simplifying assumptions are made:

1) Shear and Moment stresses are independent.
2) Web carries the entire shear force.
3) Shear stress is simply the average web value.
i.e. web(avg) = V/Aweb = V/dtw

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 Shear Strength Shear Yield Criteria

σ2 σy
σy Yield
Yielddefined
definedby
by
Mohr’s
Mohr’sCircle
Circle
σσ11 σσyy
σ1 σσ22 σσyy
σσ11σ2 2 σσyy

- σy

- σy

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 Shear Strength Shear Yield Criteria

σ2 σy Von Mises Yield defined by

maximum distortion strain energy
σy criteria (applicable to ductile
materials):
1  σ  σ  2   σ  σ  2   σ  σ  2   σ 2
2 1 2 2 3 3 1  y
σ1
σ12  σ1σ 2  σ 2 2  σ y 2
when σ3  0
For Fy = constant for load directions
- σy Fy
τmax   0.577Fy
3
- σy Specification uses 0.6 Fy

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 Shear Strength

Von Mises Failure Criterion

(Shear Yielding)
When average web shear stress V/Aweb = 0.6Fy

V = 0.6FyAweb

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 Shear Strength

V
V

V  V T
V V V V
 C

Shear Buckle

Shear buckling occurs due to diagonal compressive stresses.

Extent of shear buckling depends on h/tw of the web (web slenderness).

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Web buckling in shear

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Beam Deflections

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 Beam Deflections

Elastic behavior (service loads).

Limits set by project specifications.

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 Beam Deflections

Typical limitation based on

Service Live Load Deflection

Typical criteria:

Max. Deflection as specified in Tabel-6 IS:800-2007

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 Beam Deflections: Camber
Calculate deflection in beams from expected service dead
load.

Provide deformation in beam equal to a percentage of the

dead load deflection and opposite in direction. It is
important not to over-camber.

Result is a straight beam after construction.

Specified on construction drawings.

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Beam without Camber

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 

Results in deflection in floor under Dead Load.

This can affect thickness of slab and fit of non-structural components.

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 

Results in deflection in floor under Dead Load.

This can affect thickness of slab and fit of non-structural components.

Beam with Camber

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 

Results in deflection in floor under Dead Load.

This can affect thickness of slab and fit of non-structural components.

Cambered beam counteracts service dead load deflection.

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SECTION 8 DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO BENDING
8.1 General
8.2 Design Strength in Bending (Flexure)
8.2.1 Laterally Supported Beam

8.2.2 Laterally Unsupported Beams

8.3 Effective Length of Compression Flanges
8.4 Shear
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8.5 Stiffened Web Panels
8.5.1 End Panels design
8.5.2 End Panels designed using Tension field action
8.5.3 Anchor forces
8.6 Design of Beams and Plate Girders with Solid Webs
8.6.1 Minimum Web Thickness
8.6.2 Sectional Properties
8.6.3 Flanges Cont...
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Design Strength in Bending (Flexure)
The factored design moment, M at any section, in a beam due to
external actions shall satisfy M  Md

8.2.1 Laterally Supported Beam

Type 1 Sections with stocky webs

d / tw  67

The design bending strength as governed by plastic strength, Md, shall be

found without Shear Interaction for low shear case represented by
V <0.6 Vd

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 Interaction between shear and moment

B
Vp

0.6Vp A

o
Mf Mp M

Resistance to combined bending and vertical shear

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8.2.1.3 Design Bending Strength under High Shear

 V exceeds 0.6Vd

Md = Mdv
Mdv= design bending strength under high
shear as defined in section 9.2

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8.2 Design Strength in Bending (Flexure)
The factored design moment, M at any section, in a beam due to
external actions shall satisfy

M  Md

8.2.1 Laterally Supported Beam

The design bending strength as governed by plastic strength, Md,

shall be taken as
Md = b Z p fy / m0  1.2 Ze fy / m0

8.2.1.4 Holes in the tension zone

(Anf / Agf)  (fy/fu) (m1 / m0 ) / 0.9

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT

Madras 61
 b = 1.0 for plastic and compact section
 b = Ze/ Zp for semi-compact section
 Zp, Ze = plastic and elastic section modulli
 fy = yield stress of the material
 m0 = partial safety factor for yield strength = 1.1

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Shear yielding near support

Web buckling Web crippling

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8.4 Shear yielding
The factored design shear force, V, in a beam due to external actions
shall satisfy
V  Vd
Vd = design strength calculated as , Vd = Vn / γm0
8.4.1 The nominal plastic shear resistance under pure shear is given by:
Vn = Vp

Av f yw
Vp 
3
Av = shear area

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT

Madras 64
 Pwb  ( b1  n1 ) t fc

d/2 b1 n1 L 0.7 d
 E 
ry ry
450
Iy t3 t
d/2 ry   
A 12t 2 3

LE 2 3 d
 0 .7 d  2 .5
ry t t
Effective width for web buckling

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 Pcrip  ( b1  n2 ) t f yw
b1 n2
1:2.5 slope

Root
radius
Stiff bearing length

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT

Madras 66
Type of Deflectio Maximum
Design Load Member Supporting
building n Deflection
Purlins and
Live
Girts Elastic cladding Span / 150
load/Wind
Purlins and Brittle cladding Span / 180
load
Girts
Live load Simple span Elastic cladding Span / 240
Live load Simple span Brittle cladding Span / 300
Live load Cantilever span Elastic cladding Span / 120
Live load Cantilever span Brittle cladding Span / 150
Indus Profiled Metal
trial Vertical Live load or Rafter Span / 180
Sheeting
building Wind load supporting
Plastered Sheeting Span / 240
Crane load
(Manual Gantry Crane Span / 500
operation)

Crane load
(Electric
Gantry Crane Span / 1000
operation
Dr S R Satish Kumar,over
IIT Madras
50 t) 67
  Local Buckling
 Flexure
 Shear
 Web Buckling
 Web Crippling
 Deflection

Thank You

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT

Madras 68