Cooling Tower
Bevelyn Barreto February 5, 2019
Kenneth De Jesús INME 4236-076
Charlie Pérez Inst. Omar Orozco
Brenda Rivera
Cristian Rodríguez
Outline
- Objectives & Goals
- Introduction
- Theory Background
- Materials & Methods
- Results & Discussion
- Conclusions & Recommendations
2
Objectives & Goals
Objectives Goal
Evaluate the performance of an To apply thermodynamic
induced draft cooling tower. fundamental concepts to
determine the performance and
Perform energy balance of fluid
effectiveness of induced draft
through into the system.
cooling towers.
The use of thermodynamic tables
and the psychrometric chart to
determine the states of measured
parameters.
3
Introduction
- drg
4
Theory
- Psychometrics -Study of systems involving dry air and water.
- Dry Bulb Temperature (Air Temperature) -Temperature that an
ordinary thermometer reads in presence of air.
- Wet Bulb Temperature - Adiabatic saturation temperature
measured with wet wick bulb thermometer.
- Humidity Ratio -Mass of water vapor per unit mass of dry air.
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Theory (Cont.)
- Relative Humidity - Ratio of water vapor pressure in air to its
maximum pressure in saturated air.
- Dew Point Temperature - Saturation temperature at which vapor
water forms within the air.
- Specific Volume - Volume of unit mass of dry air with its
associated water vapor.
- Specific Enthalpy - Enthalpy of unit mass of dry air with its
associated water vapor.
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How does work?
Figure 1: Schematic of an induced draft cooling tower.
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Materials & Method
- Humidity/Temperature Handheld Meter
- HHF144 Handheld Rotating Vane Hygro-Thermo Anemometer
Figure 2: UPRM Induced Draft Figure 3: HH801A Digital
Cooling Tower Thermometer 8
Materials & Method (Cont.)
Procedure:
- Moist Air Inlet:
- Temperature
- Dew-Point
- Dry-Bulb
- Wet-Bulb
Figure 4a: Moist air inlet
- Relative Humidity
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Materials & Method (Cont.)
- Moist Air Outlet
- Temperature
- Dew-Point
- Dry-Bulb
- Wet-Bulb
- Relative Humidity
Figure 4b: Moist air outlet
- Air Velocity
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Materials & Method (Cont.)
- Warm Water Inlet/ Cooled Water
Exit/ Makeup Water:
- Temperature
- Electrical Panel:
- Voltage (Volts)
- Phase to Phase Figure 5: Warm water inlet
- Line to Line
- Current (Amps)
- Line 11
Materials & Method (Cont.)
- Equations used during the analisis:
- 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
- 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ = 𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑇𝑤𝑏
- Effectiveness
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
- 𝜂=
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒+𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ
- Volumetric flow rate:
- 𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡 =2 π 𝑟𝑑𝑟 ∗ 𝑟 𝑣
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Materials & Method (Cont.)
- Air Mass Flow Rate:
- 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 =𝑉𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑎𝑖𝑟
- Makeup Water Mass Flow:
- 𝑚ሶ 5 =𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ∗ (𝑤4 − 𝑤3 )
- Water Flow Rate:
ሶ ሶ
- 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 =𝑚𝑎∗ ℎ4−(ℎℎ3− ℎ−()𝑚5− ℎ5)
1 2
- Heat Load:
- 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ (ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
- Effective Power:
- 𝑃𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 3 ∗ 𝑉𝐿 ∗ 𝐼𝐿 ∗ 𝑝𝑓 ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
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Results & Discussion
- Values for approach, range and efficiency for the cooling towers
U072249004 and U072249003, respectively.
Approach 3.67±0.2 Approach 3.02±0.3
Range 5.80±0.2 Range 7.00±0.2
Efficiency (𝜂) 61.13%±0.7 Efficiency (𝜂) 69.88%±0.8
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Results & Discussion (Cont.)
- Velocity profile for the air velocity distribution at the fan exit for
the cooling tower U072249004.
Volumetric (m^3/s)
Flow
V1-2 1.7531
V2-3 5.9421
V3-4 8.472
V4-5 6.655
V5-6 3.88
Vout 26.70
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Results & Discussion (Cont.)
- Mass flow rate of air exiting the cooling tower
𝑚3
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 26.70 𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ 𝑎 = = = 30.57
𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑟 0.8738𝑚3 𝑠
𝑘𝑔
- Mass flow rate of water entering the cooling tower
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ 5 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ∗ (𝑤4 − 𝑤3 ) = 30.57 ∗ 0.02402 − 0.0135) = 0.3216 𝑠
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Results & Discussion (Cont.)
- Water Flow Rate:
𝑚ሶ 𝑎 ∗ ℎ4 − ℎ3 −(𝑚ሶ 5 − ℎ5 ) 30.57∗ 91.26−62.92 −(0.3216∗99.48) 𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = = =34.59
(ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) 130.8−106.7 𝑠
- Actual heat load of the cooling tower:
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) = 34.59 ∗ 130.8 − 106.7 = 834.3
𝑠
- Electrical power consumption required to move the fan:
𝑘𝐽
𝑃𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 3 ∗ 𝑉𝐿 ∗ 𝐼𝐿 ∗ 𝑝𝑓 ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 3 ∗ 280.7 ∗ 31.37 ∗ 0.58 = 12.96
𝑠
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Results & Discussion (Cont.)
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Results & Discussion (Cont.)
- Effectiveness of the CT is affected by the humidity in the inlet air
- Puerto Rico is a very humid ambient and it varies constantly (possible
cause of error)
- Velocity profile of air at the outlet
- Used to obtain mass flow rate of dry air
- Affects the required make-up water flow rate
- Mass flow rate of water to calculate heat load
- Represents the amount of energy removed from the system in kJ/s (KW)
- Power needed to move the fan
- Higher Voltage, lower current
- Which translate in less power losses
- Less power consumption (Money saving)
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Conclusion
Cooling Tower U072249003 U072249004
Approach 3.67±0.2 3.02±0.3
Range 5.80±0.2 7.00±0.2
Efficiency (𝜼) 61.13%±0.7 69.88%±0.8
U072249004
Mass Flow Rate of air Exiting the Cooling Tower: Heat Load:
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑚ሶ 𝑎 =30.57 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 =834.3
𝑠 𝑠
Mass Flow Rate of air Entering the Cooling Tower:
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ 5 =0.3216 Electrical Power Consumption:
𝑠 𝑘𝐽
Water Flow Rate: 𝑃𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 =12.96
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ 𝑤 =34.59
𝑠
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References
- Cancelos, Silvina (2019). INME4236: Cooling Tower, Experiment
Lecture (University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR).
- Cancelos, Silvina (2019). INME4236: Psycometric Chart, (University of
Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR).
- Morgan, Michael J., Shapiro, Howars N., Boettner, Daisie D., and Bailey,
Margaret B. (2015). Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics
(John Wiley & Sons, Haboken, New Jersey).
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Thanks!
Any questions?
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Use diagrams to explain your ideas
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