Overview of Water, Sanitation and
Hygiene (WASH) and National and
International Laws
February 2018
Contents of Presentation
• Introduction
• WHO-UNICEF Definition for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
• Current Global Situation
• Improved and Unimproved Drinking Water Sources
• Drinking Water Ladder
• Improved and Unimproved Sanitation Sources
• Sanitation Ladder
• Constraints to Urban and Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
• Situational Analysis of Pakistan JMP-2017- National Institutional Arrangement
Introduction
Provision of safe drinking water, adequate
sanitation and personal hygiene are vital for
the sustainable environmental conditions
and reducing the incidence of diarrhea,
malaria, trachoma, hepatitis A & B and
morbidity levels
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WHO-UNICEF)
Water
• Preserving the quality of fresh water is important for
the drinking-water supply, food production and
recreational water use
• Access to safe drinking water may reduce health risks
from infectious agents present in contaminated water
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WHO-UNICEF)
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WHO-UNICEF)
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WHO-UNICEF)
Sanitation
• Provision of facilities and services for the safe
disposal of human urine and feces Inadequate
• Maintenance of hygienic conditions, through
services such as garbage collection and
wastewater disposal
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WHO-UNICEF)
Hygiene
• Hand-washing with soap at critical times: (after
defecating and before eating or preparing food)
• Hand-washing with soap can significantly reduce the
incidence of diarrhea (second leading cause of death
amongst children under five years old)
Current Global Situation
• 2.1 billion people lack access to safe
drinking water
• 1 billion people still practice open
defecation
• 4.4 billion lack safely managed sanitation
Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) Report
Improved Drinking Water Sources
• Those which by nature of their design and construction are
more likely to deliver safe drinking water than those
characterized as unimproved.
• Criteria for a safely managed drinking water service
1. It should be accessible on premises
2. Water should be available when needed
3. The water supplied should be free from contamination
Types of Improved & Unimproved Drinking Water Sources
Improved Drinking Water Sources Unimproved Drinking Water Sources
1. Piped water 1. Dug wells
2. Boreholes or tube wells 2. Unprotected springs
3. Protected dug wells 3. surface water (river, dam, lake, pond,
4. protected springs stream)
5. Rainwater 4. Canal and irrigation channels
6. Packaged or delivered water
Drinking Water Ladder
Drinking water from an improved water source which is located on premises,
Safely Managed available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination
Drinking water from an improved source, provided collection time is not more
Basic than 30 minutes for a roundtrip including queuing
Drinking water from an improved source for which collection time exceeds 30
Limited minutes for a roundtrip including queuing
Unimproved Drinking water from an unprotected dug well or unprotected spring
Drinking water directly from a river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal or irrigation
Surface Water canal
Improved and Unimproved Sanitation Sources
• Criteria for having a safely managed sanitation service
1. Treated and disposed in situ
2. Stored temporarily and then emptied and transported to treatment off-site
3. Transported through a sewer with wastewater and then treated off-site
Indicator: Access to sanitary means of excreta disposal is estimated by the percentage
of the population using improved sanitation facilities.
Types of Improved & Unimproved Sanitation Sources
Improved Sanitation Sources Unimproved Sanitation Sources
1. Connection to a public sewer
2. Connection to a septic system 1. Public or shared latrine
3. Pour-flush latrine 2. Open pit latrine
4. Simple pit latrine 3. Bucket latrine
5. Ventilated improved pit latrine
Sanitation Ladder
Use of improved facilities which are not shared with other households and where
Safely Managed excreta are safely disposed in situ or transported and treated off-site
Basic Use of improved facilities which are not shared with other households
Limited Use of improved facilities shared between two or more households
Unimproved Use of pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines or bucket latrines
Disposal of human feces in fields, forests, bushes, open bodies of water, beaches
Open Defecation and other open spaces or with solid waste
Role of Water and Sanitation Ladders in WASH Monitoring
Constraints to Urban and Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
• Multiplicity of Sector Players
• Political Interests and Vertical Federal Programs
• Impact of transitions
• Inadequate human resources
• Inadequate Social Mobilization Skills and Lack of Emphasis on Behavioral Change
• Poor cost recovery mechanism
• Poor Utilization of Citizen Community Board Fund
Situational Analysis of Pakistan – JMP 2017
Drinking Water – Basic
Situational Analysis of Pakistan – JMP 2017
Drinking Water – Unimproved
Situational Analysis of Pakistan – JMP 2017
Sanitation – Basic
Situational Analysis of Pakistan – JMP 2017
Sanitation – Unimproved
Situational Analysis of Pakistan – JMP 2017
Hygiene – Basic
Situational Analysis of Pakistan – JMP 2017
Hygiene – Limited
National Institutional Arrangements
After 18th Amendment
(April 19, 2010)
fiscal, administrative,
MoE and functional
decentralization
Four Provinces & federal
territories
Urban Water Small & Medium-
Supply sized Towns
TMAs WASAs
Tehsil Municipal Organizational Chart
Punjab
PunjabDrinking
Drinking Water PolicyDraft
Water Policy Draft2017
2017
Background / Current Status
• As per the Punjab Multiple indicator cluster survey (MlCS) 2014 of Punjab
Total population using an improved source of water 94%
Percentage of population in Urban areas 89%
Percentage of population in Rural areas 97%
• Percentage of population having access to tap water 19.2%
Percentage of population using motorized pumps 41.7%
Percentage of population using hand pumps 30.6%
Punjab Drinking Water Policy Draft 2017
Vision
Safe drinking water is accessible at premises, available when needed, and free from
contamination on sustainable basis to whole population of punjab in addition to
acquiring and adopting improved knowledge in their daily life.
Punjab Drinking Water Policy Draft 2017
Key Objectives
• By 2030, create universal coverage and access to safely managed drinking services across
the Punjab province in line with Sustainable Development Goals
• By 2020, develop regular drinking water quality monitoring and surveillance mechanisms
in line with SDG targets and national drinking water quality standards
• Increase public awareness about water borne and water-related diseases (including
polio), nutrition and hygiene and enhance the role of communities for household water
treatment/storage , water safety and conservation
Punjab Drinking Water Policy Draft 2017
Key Objectives
• By 2025, develop mechanisms for reuse, recycle and recharge of wastewater for other
municipal and productive uses in all major cities or towns. All municipal discharges
comply with NEQS
• By 2030, institute adaptation measures and disaster risk reduction and mitigation
strategies to minimize the impact of climatic events on drinking water supply systems
Punjab Drinking Water Policy Draft 2017
Policy Principles
Punjab Drinking Water Policy Draft 2017
3. Key hygiene actions (safe drinking water, hand washing with soap, safe disposal of
excreta, and food hygiene) shall be integrated as essential components in all health
and awareness raising programmes
Punjab Sanitation Policy Draft 2015
Background / Current Status
• As per the Punjab Multiple indicator cluster survey (MlCS) 2014 of Punjab
Total population of punjab using improved sanitation facilities 75.1%
Percentage of population using flush toilets 74.4%
92% in urban areas
64% in rural areas
Punjab Sanitation Policy Draft 2015
Vision
The goal of the provincial sanitation policy is to ensure that the entire population of
Punjab has access to safe and affordable sanitation for a quality life by 2025.
Policy Principles
a) An inclusive approach ensuring equitable distribution of resources shall be promoted
on priority basis to address the sanitation coverage disparities in the Province, especially
targeting excluded and marginalized areas (inter-district parity).
Punjab Sanitation Policy Draft 2015
b) An inclusive approach ensuring equitable distribution of resources shall be promoted
on priority basis to address the sanitation coverage disparities in the Province, especially
targeting excluded and marginalized areas (inter-district parity).
c) Undertake mapping/documentation and analysis of existing infrastructure to avoid
duplication of services and to build it as a tool for planning of sanitation services.
d) Mobilize provincial and local resources especially tapping community investment to
generate self-sustained development.
Punjab Sanitation Policy Draft 2015
e) Building capacity of local government in technical and managerial aspects like
mapping/documentation, technical designs and city level planning
f) Good hygiene practices, i.e. hand washing with soap at critical times, use of latrine, safe
water storage, food hygiene and good solid and liquid waste management should be
promoted through implementation of appropriate awareness campaigns
g) Modify technical and engineering standards to make them affordable for the
community. Cost effective technological solutions consistent with cultural sensitivities of
specific communities would be identified and steps would be taken to encourage
prototyping and marketing of those solutions
Punjab Sanitation Policy Draft 2015
Policy Guidelines
• Financial Resources
• Programmatic approach
• Provision of public toilets
• Public private partnership
• Effluent quality monitoring
• Gender mainstreaming
• Mapping/ Documentation
• Sanitation models
Local Government Legislation
