Energy efficient S-MAC protocol for
Wireless Sensor Networks
Guide
Prof. N.S.Sirdeshpande
Presented by:
Priyanka F. Hongal
1st sem, MTECH,
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Outline
Definition
Wireless sensor networks
Power consumption
Energy efficient MAC protocols
S-MAC: an energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless
sensor networks
Conclusion
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Definition
Energy efficient
– Anything that consumes less power in order to work
effectively.
S-MAC protocol
– MAC protocol especially for sensor networks.
Wireless Sensor Networks
– Networks that are composed of a large number of sensor
nodes, which are densely deployed either inside the
3 phenomenon or very close to it.
Wireless sensor networks
Sensor nodes are low cost, low power, multifunctional electronic devices.
Small in size
Wireless communication over short distances.
Sensors have Sense, data processing and communicating components.
A sensor network is composed of densely deployed sensor nodes.
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Applications
Military
Military command, control, communications, computing intelligence, targeting systems.
Health
Monitor patients, assist disabled patients.
Others
Managing inventory, monitoring product quality, monitoring disaster areas.
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Protocol stack
Physical layer
-Addresses simple but robust modulation, transmission and receiving techniques.
Data Link Layer
-Is responsible for multiplexing of data streams, data frame detection, medium access and error control.
-Medium access control MAC a sub-layer.
Network Layer
-Routes data supplied by transport layer.
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Protocol stack (contd…)
Transport Layer
Task Management Plane
Mobility Management Plane
- maintains flow of data
Power Management Plane
Application Layer Application layer
Transport Layer
-depends on sensing tasks
Network Layer
Power Data Link Layer
Management Plane
Physical Layer
-manages how sensor node uses its
power
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Protocol stack (contd…)
• Mobility Management Plane
-detects and registers node movement
Task Management Plane
-balances and schedules sensing tasks given to a specific
region
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Power consumption
Wireless sensor node is an microelectronic device can be
equipped with limited power source.
Replenishment of power resource might be impossible, sensor
lifetime shows a strong dependence on battery lifetime.
Power consumption is divided into 3 domains
Sensing
Communicating
Data processing.
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Power consumption (Contd..)
Major sources of energy waste
Collision
Idle listening
Overhearing
Control packet overhead
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MAC Requirements in Sensor networks
Collision avoidance
Energy efficiency Primary
Scalability & Adaptivity
Latency
Fairness Secondary
Throughput
Bandwidth utilization
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Energy efficient MAC protocols
S-MAC
T-MAC
TRAMA
Power efficient System
Cluster Based energy efficient scheme
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Sensor MAC Protocol
(S-MAC)
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S-MAC protocol design
Reduce energy consumption
Support good scalability and collision
avoidance
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S-MAC protocol design
Tries to reduce wastage of energy from all four sources of
energy inefficiency
Collision – by using RTS and CTS
Overhearing – by switching the radio off when the
transmission is not meant for that node
Control overhead – by message passing
Idle listening – by periodic listen and sleep
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Features of S-MAC
Periodic listen and sleep
Collision and Overhearing avoidance
Message passing
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Periodic Listen and Sleep
Basic scheme
Listen Sleep Listen Sleep
time
– Duration of sleep and listen time can be selected based on
the application scenario
– To reduce control overhead, neighboring nodes are
synchronized (i.e. Listen and sleep together)
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Periodic Listen and Sleep
Neighboringnodes A and B have different
schedules. They synchronize with nodes C
and D respectively
C A B D
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Periodic Listen and Sleep
– If a node A wants to talk to node B, it just waits until B is listening
– If multiple neighbors want to talk to a node, they need to contend for
the medium
– Contention mechanism is the same as that in IEEE 802.11 (using RTS
and CTS)
– After they start data transmission, they do not go to periodic sleep until
they finish transmission
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Choosing and Maintaining Schedules
Each node maintains a schedule table that stores schedules of all
its known neighbors
To establish the initial schedule (at the startup) following steps
are followed:
– A node first listens for a certain amount of time
– If it does not hear a schedule from another node, it randomly
chooses a schedule and broadcast its schedule immediately
– This node is called a SYNCHRONIZER
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Choosing and Maintaining Schedules
If a node receives a schedule from a neighbor before
choosing its own schedule, it just follows this neighbor’s
schedule
This node is called a FOLLOWER and it waits for a
random delay and broadcasts its schedule
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Maintaining Synchronization
Listen
Receiver for SYNC for RTS Sleep
SYNC
Sender 1 CS Sleep
RTS
Sender 2 CS Send data if CTS received
SYNC RTS
Sender 3 CS CS Send data if CTS received
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Collision and Overhearing Avoidance
Collision Avoidance
– Using RTS/CTS
Overhearing Avoidance
– Set timer using NAV
– If timer is not zero, a node go to sleep
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Message Passing
Transmitting a long message as a packet is
disadvantageous as the re-transmission cost is
high
Fragmentation into small packets will lead to
high control overhead as each packet should
contend using RTS/CTS
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Message Passing
Solution
– Fragment message in to small packets and transmit them as
a burst
Advantages
– Reduces latency of the message
– Reduces control overhead
Disadvantage
– Node-to-node fairness is reduced, as nodes with small
packets to send has to wait till the message burst is
transmitted
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S-MAC Conclusions
Advantages:
– Periodically sleep reduces energy consumption in idle
listening
– Sleep during transmissions of other nodes
– Message passing reduces contention latency and control
packet overhead
Disadvantages:
– Reduction in both per-node fairness & latency
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References
I.F. Akyilidiz and W.Su and Y. Sankarsubramaniam, “ A Survey on Sensor
Networks,” in IEEE Communications Magazine, August 2004.
“Wireless LAN Medium Access Control(MAC) and Physical Layer(PHY)
Specifications.” IEEE 802.11 Standards, 1997.
I. Demirkol, C. Ersoy, and F. Alagoz, “MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor
Networks: a survey,” IEEE Communication magazine, vol. 44, no. 4, pp.
115-121, April 2006.
W. Ye and J. Heideman, “Medium Access Control in Wireless Sensor
Networks,” in USC/ISI Technical Report, ISI-TR-580, 2003.
T.V Dam and K. Langendeon, “An Adaptive Energy-Efficient MAC
Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks,” in The First ACM Conference on
Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, 2003
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Questions and comments
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