Kinship

Marriage and
the Household
PRESENTED BY:
AYRAN, ESTRADA, DELA TORRE, UMALI,
PAULO, TAPIA, MIYATA
 KINSHIP
• The bond of blood or marriage which binds people
together in group.
• According to the Dictionary of Anthropology,
kinship system includes socially recognized
relationships based on supposed as well as actual
genealogical ties. These relationships are the result
of social interaction and recognized by society.
 Types of Kinship
• Affinal Kinship
Relationships based upon marriage or cohabitation
between collaterals (people treated as the same
generation)
• Consanguineous Kinship
Connections between people that are traced by
blood
 Kinship by Blood
• Descent Systems
• Kinship is reckoned in a number of different ways
around the world, resulting in a variety of types of
descent patterns and kin groups. Anthropologists
frequently use diagrams to illustrate kinship
relationships to make them more understandable.
• In kinship diagrams, one individual is usually labeled
as ego. This is the person to whom all kinship
relationships are referred. In the case below on the
right, ego has a brother (Br), sister (Si), father (Fa),
and mother (Mo). Note also that ego is shown as
being gender nonspecific--that is, either male or
female.
 Unilineal Descent
• This traces descent only through a single line of
ancestors, male or female. Both males and females
are members of a unilineal family, but descent links
are only recognized through relatives of one
gender. The two basic forms of unilineal descent
are referred to as patrilineal and matrilineal
 Patrilineal Descent
• Both males and females belong to their father's kin
group but not their mother's. However, only males
pass on their family identity to their children. A
woman's children are members of her husband's
patrilineal line. The red people in the diagram
below are related to each other patrilineally.
 Matrilineal Descent
• The form of unilineal descent that follows a female
line. When using this pattern, individuals are relatives
if they can trace descent through females to the
same female ancestor. While both male and
female children are members of their mother's
matrilineal descent group, only daughters can pass
on the family line to their offspring. The green
people below are related to each other
matrilineally
 Bilineal Descent
• When both patrilineal and matrilineal descent
principles are combined
 Kinship by Marriage
• Marriage is an institution that admits men and
women to family life. Edward Westermarck defined
marriage as the more or less durable connection
between male and female lasting beyond the
mere act of propagation till after the birth of
offspring. Lowie defined it as a relatively permanent
bond between permissible mates. Malinowski
defined marriage as a contract for the production
and maintenance of children. According to
Lundberg Marriage consists of the rules and
regulations that define the rights, duties and
privileges of husband and wife with respect to each
other
 Monogamy
• Monogamy is the practice of having only one spouse at
one time. In some cases, monogamy means having only
one spouse for an entire life span. Out of the different
types of marriages, monogamy is the only one that is
legal in the United States and in most industrial nations.
• Social monogamy: Two persons/creatures that live
together, have sex with one another, and cooperate in
acquiring basic resources such as food, clothes, and
money.
• Sexual monogamy: Two persons/creatures that remain
sexually exclusive with one another and have no outside
sex partners.
• Genetic monogamy: Two partners that only have
offspring with one another.
• Marital monogamy: Marriages of only two people.
• Serial monogamy: A series of relationships. One person
has only one partner at a time, and then moves on to
another partner after severing the relationship with the
first.
 Polygamy
• is a Greek word meaning "The practice of multiple
Marriage". It is a marriage pattern in which an
individual is married to more than one person at a
time.
• Ex: Tiwi (North Australia)
• Two different types of Polygamy:
• Polygyny is the practice of one man having more
than one wife or sexual partner at a time.
• Ex: Mormonism
• Polyandry involves one woman having multiple
husbands, within Polyandry there are many
variations on the marriage style.
• fraternal polyandry (Ex: Tibet and Nepal) secondary
marriage (Ex: Northern Nigeria and Northern
Cameroon)
 Residence Pattern
• Four major residence patterns:
• Neolocal Residence is most common with North American
couples. This is where the couple finds their own house,
independent from all family members.
• Patrilocal Residence is most commonly used with herding and
farming societies. It’s where the married couple lives with the
husband’s father’s family. By living with the husband’s family, it
lets all the men, (the father, brothers, and sons) continue to
work together on the land.
• Matrilocal Residence is most familiar among horticultural
groups. It’s where the couple moves to live where the wife
grew up; usually found with matrilineal kinship systems.
• Avunculocal Residence is also related in matrilineal societies
however in this case the couple moves to live with the
husband’s mother’s brother. They live with the most significant
man, his uncle, because it’s who they will later inherit
everything from
 Ritual Kinship
• Compadrazgo
• Ritual kinship in the form of godparenthood
• Parents selected godparents for a child at his or her
baptism, confirmation, and marriage. The godparents
were then tied to the parents as coparents.
• Ideally co-parents should be a married couple; they
were preferred because their unions were typically more
stable and they were more likely to be able to provide a
home for the child should the need arise. In most
communities, however, there were not enough couples
to serve as godparents for all children, so single women
of good reputation were frequently chosen. It was
important that the person asked should be of proper
character and good standing in the community
 Family and the Household
• Nuclear Family
• A family consisting of a married man & woman and
their biological children.
• The main issue for children is to help them under-
stand that their two-parent, heterosexual family is a
fine family, and is one kind among many other kinds
of families
 Extended Family
• A family where Grandparents or Aunts and Uncles
play major roles in the children’s upbringing. This
may or may not include those relatives living with
the children. These family members may be in
addition to the child’s parents or instead of the
child’s parents.
 Conditionally separated Families
• A family member is separated from the rest
of the family. This may be due to
employment far away; military service;
incarceration; hospitalization. They remain
significant members of the family.
 Transnational Family
• These families live in more than one
country. They may spend part of each
year in their country of origin returning
to the U.S. on a regular basis. The child
may spend time being cared for by
different family members in each
country
 Politics of Kinship
• Kinship politics is commonly found in tribal societies
across the world where kin genealogy is applied to
determine the system of communal leadership. It is
the traditional pattern of bequeathing political
power family members.
• Kinship politics is built based on the classic political
principle: blood is thicker than water. It asserts that
power should be distributed among family
members.
• For the sake of family security, power should not be
seized from those who have kinship connections
and must be circulated only among those who are
tied by blood.
• Political dynasties have long been present in
the Philippine political structure.
• Political dynasties started emerging after the
Philippine Revolution when the First Republic
of the Philippines was established. Over the
years, newer dynasties emerged as some of
the initial ones became inactive. Majority of
the positions in the Philippine government
are currently held by members of political
dynasties. Notable Philippine political
dynasties include the Aquino and Marcos
families
 Divorce
• What is divorce?
• A divorce is a legal action between married
people to terminate their marriage
relationship. It can be referred to as
dissolution of marriage and is basically, the
legal action that ends the marriage before
the death of either spouse.
 Types of Divorce
• Fault vs. No Fault Divorce
• In previous generations, “fault” in a divorce related
to the reason why a couple was breaking up, which
usually came down to mental illness, abuse, or
imprisonment, among other things. Today, most
divorces that take place in Commerce are
considered “no fault”, meaning that both partners
may decide to legally split without having an
underlying cause. Some people may still claim fault
if abuse or adultery is still present, but there are
other legal matters outside of divorce which this
also entails.
• 2. Contested vs. Uncontested Divorce
• Many divorces are considered “contested”
if both parties (including their legal
representation) are unable to agree on
matters of property division, child custody, or
even the decision to be divorced. It is
usually desired by most people to avoid a
contested divorce as much as possible, as
these divorces generally go to the courts
with a judge for 4 to 8 hours to hear
arguments and evidence from each side to
then decide to divide assets and determine
the outcomes, outcomes which can be less
favorable than when both parties are able
to reach agreements.
• Arbitration
• Arbitration is a decision a couple may choose when
going through a divorce to stay out of the court. An
arbiter listens to both sides and helps them compromise
on different aspects of their affairs. After the
proceedings, the arbiter acts as a judge for the divorce
and reaches a determination of how custody, alimony,
and possession division will work after the divorce is
finalized.
• Mediation
• Mediation is much like arbitration in that there is a 3rd
party mediator who listens to both sides and tries to get
them to agree as to stay out of court. The difference is
that a mediator is not able to make any final decisions
about the divorce. Instead, a plan is drafted and
delivered to a judge who then uses the agreement to
determine what will happen after the divorce.
• Summary Divorce
• These types of divorce are a little less common but still
happen when couples are lacking a fair amount of
assets or children or who were not married for very long.
This type of divorce is streamlined much like an
Uncontested Divorce, meaning it occurs very quickly
and usually with very little paperwork beyond a few
signatures.
• Default Divorce
• When one spouse petitions for a divorce alone, the other
will be served divorce paperwork that they are obliged
to answer to. If the other spouse is unwilling or declines to
file an answer in the given time, though it prolongs the
process, the divorce will still end up in court where a
judge will end the divorce by default, even without the
other spouse’s consent. This is the same situation if the
spouse is simply not around to sign the papers.
• Collaborative Divorce
• A collaborative divorce is where divorce
where a couple doesn’t have to bring the
court into the picture at all, as they are
willing to solve their differences and make
agreements about their separation without
needing to go through the legal process.
The difference between this and arbitration
or mediation is that no 3rd party is involved.
It is usually done one-on-one with lawyers
present, but if no conclusion can be
resolved, another type of divorce will need
to be pursued.