Introduction to Materials
Principles Of Engineering
What Are Materials?
Substances out of which all things are
made
Currently MatWeb Material Property Data
website lists over 76,000 individually
unique materials http://www.matweb.com
What materials are present in the classroom?
Material History
Throughout history cultures have been
defined by their ability to select and modify
materials.
Can you think of a time in India when
material availability played a critical role in
defining culture?
Is Indian culture currently being defined by
availability and demand for materials?
Material History
• materials closely connected our culture
• the development and advancement of
societies are dependent on the available
materials and their use
• early civilizations designated by level of
materials development
• initially natural materials
• develop techniques to produce materials
with superior qualities (heat treatments and
addition of other substances)
Material History
Materials continue to change the world.
Advancements in materials, technology, and
science create continued advancement
possibilities for each sector.
Technology
Advancements
Science
Advancements
Materials
Advancements
• arrangement of internal components
structure
• subatomic
• atomic
• microscopic
• macroscopic (bulk)
characterization
processing properties
• material characteristic
• method of preparing
• response to external
material
stimulus
• mechanical, electrical,
performance thermal, magnetic,
• behavior in a optical, deteriorative
particular application
Material Composition at e r ia l?
a k e s a m
Wha t m
Elements
Consist of only one type of particle or atom
Cannot be broken down
Criteria for element classification
Based on individual properties
Grouped according to shared properties
Amount of substance is irrelevant
Material Composition - Elements
Classification of Elements
Divided into three categories based on
Physical Properties – Boiling point, melting point,
density, color, hardness, and texture
Chemical Properties – Reactivity to acid, oxygen,
and flammability
Elements
Metals Nonmetals Metalloids
Material Composition - Elements
Metal Elements
Distinguishing Characteristics
Good conductors of heat and electricity,
hard, shiny, reflect light, malleable,
ductile, typically have one to three
valence electrons
Material Composition - Elements
Nonmetal Elements
Distinguishing Characteristics
Most are gases at room temperature
Solids are dull, brittle, and powdery;
electrons are tightly attracted and
restricted to one atom; poor conductors
of heat and electricity
Material Composition - Elements
Metalloids
Distinguishing Characteristics
Possess both metallic and nonmetallic
properties
Material Composition - Compounds
Compounds
Most substances are compounds
Compounds are created when two or more
elements are chemically combined
Properties are different than the elements
from which the compound was created
Material Composition - Compounds
Compounds
Element combinations are not random but
based upon specific mass ratios, such as
H2O – 1 g of hydrogen to 8 g of oxygen
Compounds can only be broken down
through chemical processes, not physical
processes
Material Composition - Mixtures
Mixtures
Non-chemical combination of any two or
more substances
Elements within the mixture retain their
identity
Mixtures do not have a definite ratio
Mixtures can be physically separated
Material Classification
Based upon material composition and
distinguishable properties
Common material classification categories:
Metallic Materials
Ceramic Materials
Organic Materials
Polymeric Materials
Composite Materials
Metallic Materials
Distinguishing Characteristics
Pure metal elements
(Not commonly found or used)
Metal element compounds (alloy)
(Commonly used due to the engineered
properties of the compound)
Thermal and electrical conductors
Mechanical properties include
strength and plasticity
Ceramic Materials
Distinguishing Characteristics
Compounds consisting of metal
and nonmetal elements
Thermal and electrical insulators
Mechanical properties include
high strength at high
temperatures and brittleness
Ceramic Materials
Applications
Clay – Shaped, dried, and fired
inorganic material
Examples: Brick, tile, sewer pipe,
chimney flue, china, porcelain, etc.
Refractory – Designed to
provide acceptable
mechanical or chemical
properties while at high
temperatures
Example: Space shuttle all-
silica insulating tiles
Ceramic Materials
Applications
Electrical
Resistors – Create desired voltage
drops and limit current
Thermistors – Application of
heat regulates current flow
Rectifiers – Allow current to
flow in one direction
Heating elements for furnaces
Organic Materials
Distinguishing Characteristics
Are or were once living organisms
Consist of mostly carbon and
hydrogen
Genetically alterable
Renewable
Sustainable
Polymeric Materials
Distinguishing Characteristics
Compounds consist of mostly
organic elements
Low density
Mechanical properties include
flexibility and elasticity
Polymeric Subgroups
Plastics
Elastomers
Polymeric Materials
Plastics
Thermoplastic
Formed into a desired shape by
applying heat and pressure and
being cooled
May be heated and remolded
Thermosetting
Formed into a desired shape by
applying heat and pressure and
being cooled
May not be heated and remolded
Polymeric Materials
Elastomers
Natural or synthetic material
Can be stretched 200 percent of their
length at room temperature and can
return quickly to original length after
force is released
Vulcanization
Chemical process used to form strong
bonds between adjacent polymers to
produce a tough, strong, hard rubber
(automobile tires)
Composite Materials
Distinguishing Characteristics
Composed of more then one material
Designed to obtain desirable properties
from each individual material
Composite Materials
Layer Composites – Alternate
layers of materials bonded
together
Particulate Composites –
Discrete particles of one
material surrounded by a matrix
of another material
Fiber-Reinforced Composites
–Composed of continuous or
discontinuous fibers embedded
in a matrix of another material
Levels of Structure
structure
processing properties
performance
STRUCTURE (length scale)
< 0.2 nm
Metals
Metallic Bond + + + + “sea of electrons”
• one, two, or three valence electrons
• valence electrons free to drift through the + + + +
entire material forming a “sea of electrons”
surrounding net positive ionic cores + + + + ionic
• non-directional bond cores
+ + + +
Properties
• good conductors of
electricity and heat
• lustrous appearance
• susceptible to
corrosion
• strong, but
deformable
Ceramics and Glasses
Coulombic bonding force
Ionic Bond
• composed of metallic and non-metallic elements + +
• metallic elements give up valence electrons to
+ +
non-metallic elements
• all atoms have filled “inert gas” configuration + +
• ionic solid
• non-directional bond + +
Ceramics & Glasses
• thermally and
electrically insulating
• resistant to high
temperatures and
harsh environments
• hard, but brittle
Polymers
shared electron H
Covalent Bond shared electron
from hydrogen
• electrons are shared between adjacent from carbon
atoms, each contributing at least one
electron H C H
• shared electrons belong to both atoms
• directional bond
H methane (CH4)
Polymers
• very large molecules
• low density, light
weight materials
• maybe extremely
flexible
Levels of Structure
structure
processing properties
performance
STRUCTURE (length scale)
< 0.2 nm 0.2-10 nm
1 nm = ?
Atomic Arrangement: Ordered vs. Disordered
Crystalline:
atoms are arranged in a 3D, periodic array giving the material “long range order”
• stacking can effect
properties (i.e.
ductility)
• anisotropic materials
hexagonal close-packed
Non-crystalline or amorphous:
atoms only have short-range, nearest neighbor order
• viscous materials (generally complex formulas) or rapid
cooling
• isotropic materials
Levels of Structure
structure
processing properties
performance
STRUCTURE (length scale)
< 0.2 nm 0.2-10 nm 1-1000 m
1 nm = ?
Microstructure
Single Crystal Polycrystalline
• the periodic arrangement of atoms • many small crystals or grains
extends throughout the entire • small crystals misoriented with
sample respect to on another
• difficult to grow, environment must • several crystals are initiated and
be tightly controlled grow towards each other
• anisotropic materials • anisotropic or isotropic materials
Levels of Structure
structure
processing properties
performance
STRUCTURE (length scale)
< 0.2 nm 0.2-10 nm 1-1000 m > 1 mm
1 nm = ?
Bulk Properties
Mechanical: Electrical:
elastic modulus conductivity
shear modulus resistivity
hardness capacitance
+ -
Thermal:
Optical: thermal expansion
reflectivity heat capacity
absorbance thermal conductivity
emission
Processing Structure Properties Performance
Performance Goal: increased strength from a metallic material
In actuality, crystals are NOT perfect. There are defects!
In metals, strength is determined by how easily defects can move!
OFF
slow cooling
quenching
Processing Structure Properties Performance
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3)
single-crystal polycrystalline, polycrystalline,
(transparent) fully dense 5% porosity
(translucent) (opaque)
Material Selection
Material selection is based upon application,
required material properties, and budget.
Applications can vary from electrical components
to construction of large-scale civil engineering
projects.
Initial material property considerations consist of
product function, environmental conditions, and
material degradation.
Material Selection
Refined material selection based upon:
Technical and structural analysis
Examination of known and desired properties,
such as:
Mechanical
Physical
Thermal
Electromagnetic
Chemical
Material Selection
Mechanical Properties
Deformation and fracture as a response to
applied mechanical forces
Strength
Hardness
Ductility
Stiffness
Material Selection
Thermal Properties
Affected by heat fluxes and temperature
changes
Thermal Capacity – Heat storage capacity of
a material
Thermal Conductivity – Capacity of a material
to transport heat
Thermal Expansion – How a material
expands or contracts if the temperature is
raised or lowered
Material Selection
Electrical Properties
Material response to electromagnetic fields
Electrical Conductivity – Insulators, dielectrics,
semiconductors, semimetals, conductors,
superconductors
Thermoelectric – Electrical stimuli provoke
thermo responses; thermo stimuli provoke
electrical responses
Material Selection
Chemical Properties
Response and impact of environment on
material structures
Oxidation and Reduction – Occur in
corrosion and combustion
Toxicity – The damaging effect a material
has on other materials
Flammability – The ability of a material to
ignite and combust
Material Selection – Alternative
Material selection and development is currently
focused on alternative materials
Alternative materials are being designed to solve
socioeconomic problems such as sustained
economic development and depletion of natural
resources
Alternative materials include
Fullerenes
Liquid Crystals
Biocompatible Materials
Microelectronics
