discover yourself

inspire posterity

Lecture 2

Operating System Overview & types

By: Rabia Younas

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 discover yourself
inspire posterity

Operating System Types

Embedded OS
Palm OS

Mainframe OS Multi-programmed
Multiprocessing
/Batch OS OS OS

Real-time OS
VX Works, QNX
Distributed OS

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 Batch Processing System
A batch processing system is one where data are collected together in
the form of batches before processing starts.
The method of data entry for early computers was using punched
1. cards, which were handled in batches, and hence the term batch
processing.
2. Each piece of work for a batch processing system is called a job.
Batch processing is most suitable for tasks where a large amount of
3.
data has to be processed on a regular basis.
Examples of batch processing systems include payroll systems and
4.
examination report card systems, billing system etc
• Limitations
1. CPU sits idle when there is a job transition
 Starvation for previous jobs
2. Speed differential
 Overcome by two approaches to improve system performance by overlapping IO
and processing (Buffering and Spooling)
3. Non interactive environment
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 • Batch System Concept
– To collect a tray full of jobs in the input room
– Read them on to magnetic tape
– Printing output
• Operations
– A-Programmers bring cards to 1401
– B-1401 read batch of jobs onto tape
– C-Operator carries input tape to 7094
– D-7094 does computing
– E-Operator carries output tape to 1401
– F-1401 prints

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 Mainframe OS

1. A mainframe operating system runs on a mainframe

computer.
2. A powerful device used mainly by governments and
businesses to process large amounts of information and
support a great number of users.
Examples
1. z/VM (Virtual Machine)
2. z/VSE (Virtual Storage Extended)
3. Linux for System
4. z/TPF (Transaction Processing Facility)

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 Multiprogramming/ multiprogrammed OS
1. Multiprogramming is a feature of an OS which allows running
multiple programs simultaneously on 1 CPU. So, say, you
may be typing in word, listening to music while in
background IE is downloading some file & anti-virus program
is scanning.
2. Programs do not run simultaneously.
3. OS divides time for each program according to priorities.
When the chance of that program comes it runs, after the
stipulated time is over, next program runs & so on. Since this
process is so fast that it appears programs are running
simultaneously.

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 Multiprogramming/ multi-programmed OS cont..

4. In Multiprogramming, number of processes reside in

main memory at a time.
5. The OS picks and begins to executes one of the jobs
in the main memory.
6. If any I/O wait happened in a process, then CPU
switches from that job to another job.
7. Hence CPU in not idle at any time.

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 Figure depicts the layout of OS
multiprogramming system.
Job 1
The main memory consists of 5
jobs at a time, the CPU executes Job 2
one by one.
Job 3

Job 4

Job 5
Multiprogramming
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 Time-Sharing System
1. Time sharing, or multitasking, is a logical extension of
multiprogramming.
2. Multiple jobs are executed by switching the CPU between
them.
3. In this, the CPU time is shared by different processes, so it is
called as “Time sharing Systems”.
4. Time slice is defined by the OS, for sharing CPU time
between processes.
Examples: Multics, Unix, etc.

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 Time-Sharing System
• It is a form of multi-programmed OS which operates in a
interactive mode with a quick response time
• In Timesharing System, each user is given a time slice/quantum.
The user program/process executes for a short time before it either
finishes or needs to perform I/O. the resources are then taken away
from the user and given to some one else. This is hardly noticeable
and the user thinks as if he is using all the resources by himself
– Response time should be < 1 second
– If several jobs ready to run at the same time (CPU scheduling)
– If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves them in and
out to run

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 Multiprocessor Operating systems

Most systems use a single general-purpose processor

Most systems have special-purpose processors as well
Multiprocessors systems growing in use and importance
Also known as parallel systems, tightly-coupled systems
Advantages include:
1. Increased throughput
2. Economy of scale
3. Increased reliability – graceful degradation or fault tolerance
Two types:
1. Asymmetric Multiprocessing – each processor is assigned a specie task.
2. Symmetric Multiprocessing – each processor performs all tasks

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 Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

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 A Dual-Core Design

Multi-chip and multicore

Systems containing all chips
framework containing multiple separate systems

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 Distributed Operating systems

• A Distributed System is a collection of independent computers that

appears to its users as a single coherent system

• The users should not be aware of where their programs are

being run or where their files are located; that should all be
handled automatically and efficiently by the Operating System.

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 Distributed Operating systems cont..

A distributed system is a collection of independent computers

that appear to the users of the system as a single system.
Examples:
• Network of workstations
• Distributed manufacturing system (e.g., automated assembly
line)
• Network of branch office computers

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 Distributed Operating systems cont..

Distributed Operating System is a model where

distributed applications are running on
multiple computers linked by communications.

A distributed operating system is an extension of the

network operating system that supports higher levels of
communication and integration of the machines on the
network.

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 Distributed OS
1. A distributed system is managed by a distributed operating
system.
2. It manages a group of independent computers and makes
them appear to be a single computer.
3. The development of networked computers that could be
linked and communicate with each other, gave rise to
distributed computing.
4. Distributed computations are carried out on more than one
machine. When computers in a group work in cooperation,
they make a distributed system.

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 The Distributed OS involves a collection
of independent computer systems,
capable of communicating and
cooperating with each other through a
LAN / WAN.

A Distributed OS provides a virtual

machine abstraction to its users and
wide sharing of resources like as
computational capacity, I/O and files
etc.

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 Distributed Operating systems cont..

Loosely coupled
1- Client-server
2- peer to peer

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 Clustered Systems

• Constructed by combining multiple computers into a single system to

perform a computational task distributed across the cluster
• They share storage and are linked via LAN
• Clustered systems communicate using messages, while processors in a
multiprocessor system co u ld communicate using shared memory
• Used to provide high available service. Can be:
• Asymmetric Cluster One machine is in hot standby mode, doing
nothing, while other is running. Hot standby mode machine monitors
the server. If server fails hot stand by host become active server
• Symmetric / Parallel Cluster Two or more hosts are running an
application and monitoring each other. More efficient as it utilizes all
of the available

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 Clustered Systems

Like multiprocessor systems, but multiple systems working together

Usually sharing storage via a storage-area network (SAN)
Provides a high-availability service which survives failures
Asymmetric clustering has one machine in hot-standby mode
Symmetric clustering has multiple nodes running applications, monitoring each
other
Some clusters are for high-performance computing (HPC)
Applications must be written to use parallelization

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 Clustered Systems

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 Real-Time OS
A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating system
that aims at executing real-time applications. The main objective
of real-time operating systems is their quick and predictable
response to events.
• Hard Real Time System. Output should be produced within
the given time constraints, otherwise, the result is life
threatening; e.g. Plane landing systems, process control in
nuclear power plants, missile control system. Secondary
storage is limited or absent, data stored in short term memory
or ROM. No virtual memory
• Soft Real Time System. Output should be produced within
the given time constraints, but if it is not, the result is not life
threatening; e.g. applications of multimedia and virtual reality

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 Where Can Real-Time Systems be Found?
• Industrial Applications
Example 1: Chemical Plant Control
Example 2: Automated Car Assembly Plant
• Medical:
Example 3: Robot Used in Recovery of
Displaced Radioactive Material
• Peripheral Equipment:
Example 4: Laser Printer
• Telecommunication Applications
Example 5: A Cellular System

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 • Aerospace:
Example 6: Computer On-Board an Aircraft
• Internet and Multimedia Applications
Example 7: Video Conferencing
• Consumer Electronics
Example 8: Cell Phones
• Defence Applications
Example 9: Missile Guidance System
• Miscellaneous Applications:
Example 10: Railway Reservation System

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 Automated Car Assembly Plant

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 Embedded OS
1. Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in
embedded computer systems.
2. They are designed to operate on small machines like
mobile phones, PDAs, etc.
3. They are able to operate with a limited number of
resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient
by design.
Examples
Windows CE and Minix 3, Palm OS

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 Types of Operating Systems

1. Batch OS/Mainframe OS
2. Multiprogrammed /multiprogramming OS
3. Time-sharing (Multitasking) OS
4. Multiprocessing OS
5. Distributed OS
6. Clustered OS
7. Real time OS
8. Embedded OS

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Functions of operating system
• OS performs two functions:
1. Abstraction;
Providing application programmers (and
application programs) a clean abstract set of
resources instead of complex hardware

2. Resource Management;
Managing the hardware resources
 The Operating System as an Extended Machine

An Abstraction ?
• Operating system hides the hardware and present
programs (and their programmers) with nice, clean,
elegant, consistent, abstractions to work.
• Operating systems turn the ugly interface into the
beautiful interface

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Functions of OS ; as an Extended Machine

The architecture of a computer system (instruction set, memory

organization, I/O, and bus structure) of most computers is difficult
to program at the machine language level, especially for I/O

• Example I/O Of Floppy Read Write Command

• Requires 13 parameters, packed into 9 bytes.
• When the operation is completed, the controller chip
returns 23 status and error fields packed into 7 bytes.
• Status of Motor (On or Off) should also be considered
• What is Abstraction? User performs File I/O not disk I/O

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The Operating System as a Resource Manager

Resources
• Consist of processors, memories, timers, disks, mice,
network interfaces, printers, and a wide variety of other
devices.
• All modern OS to provide controlled allocation of the
these resources to multiple programs run at the same
time.
Problem: Shared Printer; Mess-up output by all programs
Solution: Buffering

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The Operating System as a Resource Manager

Resource management includes :

Multiplexes (shares) resources in two different ways:
1. Time Multiplexing; When a resource is time multiplexed,
different programs or users take turns using it. Who goes next
and for how long is the task of the operating system.
Examples: one CPU and multiple programs. One printers among
many users
2. Space Multiplexing; Instead of exclusive allocation of resource,
each one gets part of the resource.
Examples: Main memory among several programs more programs
in memory. Hard disk space for multiple users.

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The Operating System as a Resource Manager

Objectives of the operating system

1. Fairness;
All users should get fair share of CPU, Memory, and I/O devices
without waiting unnecessarily.
2. Security;
Users not interfering with each other data and their private
data/ information.
3. Optimal Utilization of resources
The resources of a computer system should be utilized
Optimally.

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 QUESTION:

The -------------- is Top-down approach

The --------------is Bottom-up approach.
Abstraction?
resource Management?

HOW?
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