TORTORA • FUNKE • CASE
Microbiology
AN INTRODUCTION
EIGHTH EDITION
B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein
Chapter 4, part A
Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
• Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
• Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for
pre-nucleus.
• Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for
true nucleus.
Prokaryote Eukaryote
• One circular • Paired
chromosome, not in chromosomes, in
a membrane nuclear membrane
• No histones • Histones
• No membrane • Membrane bounded
bound organelles Organelles
• Peptidoglycan cell • Polysaccharide cell
walls walls
• Binary fission • Mitotic spindle
Bacteria shapes
• Average size: 0.2 -1.0 µm 2 - 8 µm
• Basic shapes:
• Coccus
• Bacillus
• Spirillum
• Spirochaetes
Bacteria shapes
• Unusual shapes
• Star-shaped Stella
• Square Haloarcula
• Most bacteria are monomorphic
• A few are pleomorphic
Figure 4.5
Arrangements
• Pairs: diplococci,
diplobacilli
• Clusters:
staphylococci
• Chains:
streptococci,
streptobacilli
Glycocalyx
• Outside cell wall
• Usually sticky
• A capsule is neatly
organized
• A slime layer is
unorganized & loose
• Extracellular
polysaccharide
allows cell to attach
• Capsules prevent
phagocytosis
Figure 4.6a, b
Flagella
• Outside cell wall
• Made of chains of flagellin
• Attached to a protein hook
• Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal
body
Figure 4.8
Flagella Arrangement
Figure 4.7
Gram negative flagella
Figure 4.8
Motile Cells
• Rotate flagella to run or tumble
• Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)
• Flagella proteins are H antigens
(e.g., E. coli O157:H7)
Motile Cells
Figure 4.9
Axial Filaments
• Endoflagella
• In spirochetes
• Anchored at one
end of a cell
• Rotation causes
cell to move
Figure 4.10a
Fimbriae
Fimbriaeand
and PiliPili
• Fimbriae allow
attachment to
surfaces
• Pili are used to
transfer DNA from
one cell to another
Figure 4.11
Cell Wall
• Prevents osmotic lysis
• Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)
Figure 4.6a, b
Peptidoglycan
• Polymer of disaccharide
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid
(NAM)
• Linked by polypeptides
Figure 4.13a
Cell wall Gram + versus -
Figure 4.13b, c
Gram-positive cell walls Gram-negative cell walls
• Thick peptidoglycan • Thin peptidoglycan
• Teichoic acids • No teichoic acids
• In acid-fast cells, • Outer membrane
contains mycolic • LPS
acid
• O - polysaccaride
• Lipid A
Gram-Positive cell walls
• Teichoic acids:
• Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane
• Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan
• May regulate movement of cations
• Polysaccharides provide antigenic variation
Figure 4.13b
Gram-Negative Outer Membrane
• Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids.
• Forms the periplasm between the outer membrane and
the plasma membrane.
• Protection from phagocytes, complement, antibiotics.
• O polysaccharide antigen, e.g., E. coli O157:H7.
• Lipid A is an endotoxin.
• Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane
Gram-Negative Outer Membrane
Figure 4.13c
More on cell wall
• Is this Gram negative or positive?
Gram Stain Mechanism
• Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell
• Gram-positive
• Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
• CV-I crystals do not leave
• Gram-negative
• Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes
in peptidoglycan
• CV-I washes out
Atypical Cell Walls
• Mycoplasmas
• Lack cell walls
• Sterols in plasma membrane
• Archaea
• Wall-less, or
• Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D amino
acids)
Damage to Cell Walls
• Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan.
• Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan.
• Protoplast is a wall-less Gram + cell*.
• Spheroplast is a wall-less Gram-negative cell*.
• L forms are wall-less cells that swell into irregular
shapes.
• Protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to
osmotic lysis.
• *may be wrong elsewhere
Plasma Membrane
Figure 4.14a
Plasma Membrane
• Phospholipid
bilayer
• Peripheral
proteins
• Integral proteins
• Transmembrane
proteins
Figure 4.14b
Fluid Mosaic Model
• Membrane is as viscous
as olive oil.
• Proteins move to function
• Phospholipids rotate and
move laterally
Figure 4.14b
