PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS - II
Ruchi Sharma
[email protected]
Ruchi Sharma [email protected] http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi
Contents
Quick Recall – Programming Concepts
Components of a programming language
Variables
Constants
Data types & Expressions
Input & Output (I/O) Statements
Conditional statements
Looping constructs
Ruchi Sharma [email protected] http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi
Quick Recall - Programming Concepts
Computer languages can be classified in two broad
categories - Low level languages(machine friendly)
and High level languages(user friendly)
We usually use HLL for programming to solve a given
problem.
While programming, we can use either of the two
approaches – procedural or object oriented.
A translator program called Complier converts the
HLL program to a LLL program understandable by
the computer.
Ruchi Sharma [email protected] http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi
Computer & User -Who does what ?
User Computer
1. The user gives(keys in) the
program to the computer.
2. The computer stores it in
memory.
3. At the time of
execution(running the
program), the user inputs
the data.
4. The computer stores this
data too in the memory.
5. The computer processes the
data using the program.
Ruchi Sharma [email protected] http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi
Computer & User -Who does what ? (Contd.)
User Computer
6. The computer stores the
output in the memory.*
7. The computer outputs the
data to the user.
8. The user gets the output.
* Note : During processing, the computer also stores the
intermediate results, if any, in the memory.
Ruchi Sharma [email protected] http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi
Components of a Programming Language
A programming language has the following components
Variables
Constants
Data types
Expressions
Input & Output statements
Conditional Statements
Looping Constructs
Ruchi Sharma [email protected] http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi
Variables
Variables
The computer stores program & data in memory.
The computer memory can be visualised as a space
divided into several parts, each part called a location &
having a unique address.
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell n
Ruchi Sharma [email protected] http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi
Variables (Contd.)
The information is stored in the memory in these cells.
A variable can be understood as “a location name”.
Examples
1. The statement
x = 10
will store the value 10 in a memory location(depicted by
a cell in the figure) named x.
2. The statement
s = ‘ruchi’
will store the string “ruchi” in the variable s.
Ruchi Sharma [email protected] http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi
Variables - Facts
A variable is allocated memory randomly.
Each variable holds an information of a particular type.
Variables are used in a program to refer to the location(s)
where data needed by the program is/are stored.
The value of a variable can be changed i.e. varied(hence the
name “VARIable”)
Each time the value of a variable is written into memory,
the older one is washed out and the new one is retained.
Ruchi Sharma [email protected] http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi
Constants
A constant is a value that remains unchanged.
A constant can be a numeric constant or a character/string
constant. The examples used previously contain the constants
10 (numeric constant) & “ruchi”(string constant) respectively.
A constant value can be assigned to a variable whereas the
reverse is not valid. E.g. –
x = 10 is acceptable whereas
10 = x is not !
Ruchi Sharma [email protected] http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi
Data Types
A data type is something which determines the type of data
that a variable can hold.
There are three basic types of data that are commonly used
integer, real & string.
Related data of same type can be stored in adjacent locations
& is called an array. The elements of an array are denoted by
the same name but different subscripts.
E g - the roll numbers of the students of a class of 5 can be
stored in an array named ROLL & the roll numbers can be
referred to as
ROLL[1], ROLL[2], ROLL[3], ROLL[4], ROLL[5].
Ruchi Sharma
[email protected] http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi
Data Types (Contd.)
These roll numbers can be assigned values as :
ROLL[1] = 961001
ROLL[2] = 961002
ROLL[3] = 961003
ROLL[4] = 961004
ROLL[5] = 961005
These will be stored in memory in contiguous locations as :
961001 961002 961003 961004 961005
Ruchi Sharma [email protected] http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi
Expressions
An expression is a combination of some operators and
operands.
e.g. – In mathematics,
7 x (4 + 19 ) – 34 / 5 is an expression.
(a – b) + c / 60 is an expression.
In computer languages also, the expressions are similar to
those in mathematics, just that some symbols are different like,
we use * for a sign of multiplication.
Every language specifies an order in which the operators are
evaluated in an expression.
Ruchi Sharma [email protected] http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi
Input and Output Statements
Input
An input statement is used to take the input(s) from the user.
The value(s) inputted by the user is/are stored in the designated
variable(s) in memory.
e.g. – an input statement in the language C is as under
scanf(“%d”, &x);
after execution of the above statement,
the computer prompts the user to enter a value.
the value entered by the user is stored in the variable x in
memory.
Ruchi Sharma [email protected] http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi
Input and Output Statements (Contd.)
Output
An output statement is used to display
an output to the user.
a message to the user.
e.g. – an output statement in the language C is as under
1. printf(“%d”, x);
after execution of the above statement, the value of the variable
x is displayed for the user.
2. printf(“Hello Boss !”);
after execution of the above statement, the message Hello Boss !
is displayed for the user.
Ruchi Sharma
[email protected] http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi
Conditional Statements
In a programming language, there are statements which check for
a condition and accordingly the execution flow can be changed.
The most common conditional construct is of the format
IF (condition)
THEN
----------------------
ELSE
--------------------
Here, if the condition* evaluates to be “true”, THEN part is
executed (& ELSE part is skipped) & if it evaluates to “false”, ELSE
part is executed ( & IF part is skipped).
*NOTE - the condition should be a valid expression that can be
evaluated to either true or false.
Ruchi Sharma [email protected] http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi
Looping Constructs
Looping constructs are used when we need to repeat a task a
number of times or till some condition is met.
A looping construct should have
an initial condition – which starts the loop
an increment – which advances the loop
a termination condition – which helps come out of the loop
The loops used in C language are :
1. do - while
2. while
3. for
Ruchi Sharma [email protected] http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi
Ruchi Sharma
[email protected] http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi
