CSC430

Computer networks
Chapter 1
Introduction
 Uses of Computer Networks
 Network Classifications
 what’s the Internet?
 what’s a protocol?
 network edge; hosts, access net, physical media
 network core: packet/circuit switching, Internet
structure
 performance: loss, delay, throughput
 protocol layers, service models
 history
Revised: August 2019
Delay, loss, throughput in networks

Introduction 1-2
How do loss and delay occur?
Packets Queue in router buffers
 packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link
capacity
 packets queue, wait for turn
packet being transmitted (delay)

B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers

Introduction 1-3
Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

Introduction 1-4
 Four sources of packet delay
Processing:
 check bit errors
 determine output link
Queueing
 time waiting at output link for transmission
 depends on congestion level of router
transmission
Transmission delay: A propagation
 R=link bandwidth (bps)
 L=packet length (bits)
 time to send bits into link,
B processing
 dtrans = L/R
queueing
Propagation delay:
 d = length of physical link
 s = propagation speed in medium (~2x108 m/sec)
 propagation delay
dtrans and dprop
 dprop = d/s
very different
Note: s and R are very different quantities!

Introduction 1-5
Nodal delay
d nodal  d proc  d queue  d trans  d prop

 dproc = processing delay

 typically a few microsecs or less
 dqueue = queuing delay
 depends on congestion
 dtrans = transmission delay
 = L/R, significant for low-speed links
 dprop = propagation delay
 a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs

Introduction 1-6
Queueing delay (revisited)

average queueing
 R: link bandwidth (bps)

delay
 L: packet length (bits)
 a: average packet arrival
rate
traffic intensity
= La/R
 La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small La/R ~ 0

 La/R -> 1: avg. queueing delay large

 La/R > 1: more “work” arriving
than can be serviced, average delay infinite!

* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss La/R -> 1
Introduction 1-7
Throughput
 throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits
transferred between sender/receiver
 Instantaneous: rate at given point in time
 Average: rate over longer period of time

server,
server withbits
sends linkpipe
capacity
that can carry linkpipe
capacity
that can carry
file of into
(fluid) F bitspipe Rs bits/sec
fluid at rate Rc bits/sec
fluid at rate
to send to client Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)

Introduction 1-8
Throughput (more)
 Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

 Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction 1-9
Throughput: Internet scenario

 per-connection end-
end throughput: Rs
min(Rc,Rs,R/10) Rs Rs
 in practice: Rc or Rs
is often bottleneck
R

Rc Rc

Rc

10 connections (fairly) share

backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec
Introduction 1-10
 IP Configuration
Used to find out IP configuration of your Machine
 Ping
Used to find out if a computer is reachable. Ping

Sends out a special packet called the Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP) echo request packet.

When a machine receives an echo request, it responds with an echo reply.

 “Real” Internet delays and routes
Traceroute shows the path a packet of information takes
from your computer to one you specify.
• It will list all the routers it passes through until it reaches its
destination, or fails to and is discarded. In addition to this, it will tell
you how long each 'hop' from router to router takes.

Enter the word tracert, followed by a space, then the domain name.

1-13
Introduction
 Traceroute
Probes successive hops to find network path

...

Local
Remote
Host
Host

14
Computer Networks
 Traceroute

...
1 hop
2 hops
3 hops N-1 hops
N hops
Local
Remote
Host
Host

Computer Networks 15
 Using Traceroute

Computer Networks 16
“Real” Internet delays, routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
3 delay measurements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms link
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms

* Do some traceroutes from exotic countries at www.traceroute.org

Introduction 1-17
 Numerical examples
How long does it take to send a file of 640,000 bits from host A to
host B over a circuit-switched network?
• All links are 1.536 Mbps
• Each link uses TDM with 24 slots/sec
• 500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit

1-18
Introduction
1-19
 2-20
Introduction
Recall that:
d nodal  d proc  d queue  d trans  d prop
Describe What can be done to reduce each of these sources of delay.

1-21
 2-22
Introduction
1-23
 Internet history
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
1961: Kleinrock - 1972:
queueing theory shows • ARPAnet public demo
effectiveness of packet- • NCP (Network Control
switching Protocol) first host-host
1964: Baran - packet- protocol
switching in military nets • first e-mail program
• ARPAnet has 15 nodes
1967: ARPAnet
conceived by Advanced
Research Projects
Agency
1969: first ARPAnet node
Introduction 1-24
operational
Internet history
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets

1970: ALOHAnet satellite

network in Hawaii Cerf and Kahn’s
internetworking principles:
1974: Cerf and Kahn - • minimalism, autonomy - no
architecture for interconnecting internal changes required to
interconnect networks
networks
• best effort service model
1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC • stateless routers
• decentralized control
late70’s: proprietary
architectures: DECnet, SNA, define today’s Internet
XNA architecture

late 70’s: switching fixed length

packets (ATM precursor) Introduction 1-25
Internet history
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks

1983: deployment of new national networks:

TCP/IP Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet,
Minitel
1982: smtp e-mail protocol
defined 100,000 hosts connected
to confederation of
1983: DNS defined for networks
name-to-IP-address
translation
1985: ftp protocol defined
1988: TCP congestion
control
Introduction 1-26
Internet history
1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
early 1990’s: ARPAnet late 1990’s – 2000’s:
decommissioned
more killer apps: instant
1991: NSF lifts restrictions on messaging, P2P file sharing
commercial use of NSFnet
(decommissioned, 1995) network security to forefront

early 1990s: Web est. 50 million host, 100 million+

users
• hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson
1960’s] backbone links running at Gbps
• HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee
• 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape
• late 1990’s: commercialization
of the Web
Introduction 1-27
Internet history
2005-present
~750 million hosts
• Smartphones and tablets

Aggressive deployment of broadband access

Increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access

Emergence of online social networks:

• Facebook: soon one billion users

Service providers (Google, Microsoft) create their own networks

• Bypass Internet, providing “instantaneous” access to
search, emai, etc.

E-commerce, universities, enterprises running their services in

“cloud” (eg, Amazon EC2) Introduction 1-28
 End

Chapter 1