LTE BASICS

Presented By:
Muhammad Naveed
Arshad
11/18/2019
 3GPP Road Map

DL: 42 Mbps
UL: 11 Mbps

MIMO
Dual Carrier
DL(64 QAM): 21 Mbps
UL: 11 Mbps

16QAM UL
64QAM DL
DL: 14 Mbps MIMO 2x2
UL: 5.7 Mbps

DL: 14 Mbps
UL: 0.4 Mbps

DL: 384 kbps

UL: 384 kbps

5 TS EDGE: DL Peak 296 kbps

UL Peak 59.2 kbps
LTE Features
• High data rates
Downlink: >100 Mbps
Uplink: >50 Mbps
Cell-edge data rates 2-3 x HSPA Rel. 6 (@ 2006)

• Low delay/latency
User plane RTT: < 10 ms RAN RTT (fewer nodes, shorter TTI)
Channel set-up: < 100 ms idle-to-active (fewer nodes, shorter messages, quicker node resp.)

• High spectral efficiency

Targeting 3 X HSPA Rel. 6 (@ 2006 )

• Spectrum flexibility
Operation in a wide-range of spectrum allocations, new and existing
Wide range of Bandwidth: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz, FDD and TDD

• Simplicity – Less signaling, Auto Configuration e-NodeB

• Cost-effective migration from current 3G systems

• Focus on services from the packet-switched domain
LTE Frequency Bands
• The E-UTRAN standard is based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and OFDMA
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) downlink operation and Single Carrier Frequency Domain
Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) uplink operation. These choices support great spectrum flexibility with a number
of possible deployments from 1.4 MHz up to 20MHz spectrum allocations.

• 3gpp have identified following 14 bands for LTE FDD.

 LTE Radio Interface

 Radio interface in LTE is developed according to

requirements of spectrum flexibility, spectrum  Radio resources are divided in frequency
efficiency and cost effectiveness. and time domain.

 The smallest allocation is a set of 12

 OFDMA used in DL and SC-FDMA used in the uplink. subcarriers for 1 msec each having
bandwidth of 15 kHz.
 LTE Radio Interface: Salient Features

• Transmission Time Interval in LTE is. 1 msec

• The smallest allocation is a sub frame. eNodeB dynamically allocate sub frames with variable modulation
schemes (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM) and coding rates depending on the received Channel Quality Indicators
(CQI) from connected UEs and also uplink quality by measuring uplink reference signals embedded in uplink
transmission.

• Hybrid Automatic Repeat and request (HARQ) caters for layer 2 retransmission functionality.

• MIMO is implemented in LTE for higher data rates and better signal performance.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

 The basic principle of OFDM is to split a high-rate data stream into a number of lower rate
streams that are transmitted simultaneously over a number of subcarriers.

 The subcarriers that are modulated with QPSK/QAM symbols are orthogonal to each other.
LTE Radio Interface: Basic Frame Structure
LTE Radio Interface: Basic Frame Structure

1 Frame = 10msec

1 Frame = 10 Sub-Frames

1 Sub Frame = 1 msec

1 Slot = 1 Resource Block =0.5msec

1 Resource Element = 66.67 micro sec

(+ CP duration of 4.7 msec)
LTE Bandwidths
 LTE Network Architecture

4G

• No RNC in LTE RAN. All the functionalities of RNC

included in eNodeB.

• LTE Network has flat architecture for optimized

performance, better scalability and cost efficiency. Less
number of nodes imply less latency.

• Only PS domain is defined in LTE. This means that

traditional CS Services are to be carried by PS bearers.

• No soft/softer HO in LTE.

• For the purposes of handover

there is also an interface
between the eNBs, called X2. The
X2 interface allows eNBs to communicate
directly with each other and coordinate
their activities.
 4G Basic Acronyms

• EPC: Evolved Packet Core. The packet core architecture

defined in 3gpp Rel 8.

• SAE: System Architecture Evolution. Working group in 3gpp

standardizing the EPC.

• E-UTRAN: The RAN that implements LTE radio interface

technology

• LTE – 3GPP work item that developed the radio access

technology and E-UTRAN.

• EPS – 3GPP term referring to a complete end-to-end system,

that is UE, E-UTRAN and Core Network (EPC)
LTE Network Architecture
e Node B
• eNB is the RAN node in the EPS architecture that is responsible for radio transmission to and reception from
UEs in one or more cells.

• The eNB is connected to EPC nodes by means of an S1 interface (S1-MME or SI-C with MME and S1-U with S-
GW)

• The eNB is also connected to its neighbor eNBs by means of the X2 interface
 e Node B Functionality

• Cell control and MME pool support

• Mobility control
• Control and User Plane security
• Shared Channel handling
• HARQ
• Scheduling
• Physical layer functionality
• Measurements and reporting
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

• The interface between core and radio access networks is called S1, where S1 is defined in such a way that
implementation in the core network side would be possible with having control- (S1_MME) and user-plane
(S1_U) traffic processing in separate physical elements.
Channel Structure in LTE

• Logical Channels: : Define whattype of information is transmitted over the air, e.g. traffic channels,
control channels. Used to carry RLC PDUs/MAC SDUs between RLC and MAC Layer.

• Transport Channels: Define howis something transmitted over the air, e.g. what are encoding,
interleaving options used to transmit data. The purpose of Transport channels is to provide varying
bitrate services and multiplexing of several services over the air interface. Data and signaling messages
are carried on transport channels between the MAC and the physical layer.

• Physical Channels: Define whereis something transmitted over the air, e.g. first N symbols in the DL
frame. Data and signaling messages are carried on physical channels between the different levels of the
physical layer.
 Logical Channels in LTE
Logical Channels

Control Traffic

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

– DL broadcast of system control information. – UL/DL Dedicated Traffic to one UE, user
information.
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
– DL paging information. UE position not known on Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)
cell level – DL point-to-multipoint. MBMS user data.

Common Control Channel (CCCH)

– UL/DL. When no RRC connection exists.

Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)

– DL point-to-multipoint for MBMS scheduling and
control, for one or several MTCHs.

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

– UL/DL dedicated control information. Used by
UEs having an RRC connection.
Channel Mapping
 LTE Physical Channels
• LTE defines a number of physical channels used to convey specific sets
of data and signaling in the uplink and downlink. These physical
channels are used for transmission of data and/or control information
from the MAC layer.

•
LTE Reference or Pilot Signals

eNodeB provides signals embedded within the uplink and downlink transmissions:

• Reference Signals: Also known as pilots, reference signals provide a known or predictable pattern that allows
the UE to decode the physical channels and estimate downlink channel conditions.

• Synchronization Signals: Synchronization signals allow UEs to detect and identify cells during initial system
acquisition, and provide an initial timing reference.

• The UE also provides reference or pilot signals, to allow the network to estimate uplink channel conditions
and coherently demodulate its transmissions.
Downlink Measurements by UE

• RSRP: Reference Signal Received Power (dBm)

Avg power of Resource Elements that carry cell specific Reference Signals(RS) over the entire bandwidth,
so RSRP is only measured in the symbols carrying RS.
Reporting Range: -140 <= RSRP <= -44 dBm

• RSRQ : Reference Signal Received Quality (dB)

Equivalent to UMTS CPICH Ec/No

RSRQ = RSRP / (RSSI / N)

where N is the number of RBs over which Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) is measured.
RSSI is calculated as linear average of total power measured across OFDMA symbols that contain Reference Symbols
transmitted from the first antenna port e.g. symbols 0 and 4 when MIMO is not used.

Reporting Range: - 3 <= RSRQ < -19.5 dB

 Circuit Switched Fallback
• Most mobile operators have chosen to deploy 4G and LTE networks alongside their existing 2G and 3G
assets, using Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) for voice services until they are ready to deploy IMS throughout
their network.
• CSFB allows LTE user equipment (UE) to drop their LTE connection and fall back to a 2G or 3G radio network
when a call is made or received.

• When the call ends, the user equipment reregisters with the LTE network.
Circuit Switched Fallback
CS Fall Back

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 Any Question…?

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 Thank You 

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