MASS MIGRATION OF PEOPLE

MASS MIGRATION
– refers to the migration of large groups of people from one
geographical area to another. Mass migration is
distinguished from individual or small scale migration, and
also from seasonal migration, which may occur on a regular
basis.
Two Types of Migration
• Internal Migration - which refers to
people moving from one area to
another within one country.
• International Migration - in which
people cross borders of one
country to another.
The Commission on Filipino’s Overseas includes
the ff. categories of Migrants:
1. Permanent Migrants - Filipino immigrants and legal
permanent resident’s abroad, Filipino spouses of foreign
national Filipino naturalised in their host country, Filipino
dual citizens, and their descendants.

2. Temporary Migrants- Filipino whose stay overseas,

while regular and properly documented is temporary,
owing to the employment-related Filipino workers,
intracompany transferees, students and other whose stay
abroad is six month or more and their accompanying
dependents.
History of Philippine Migration
A long history of migration is deeply ingrained in the
social, economic, and cultural climate of the
Philippines. As one of the largest origin country for
migrants, migration has greatly affected the
Philippines. The history of Philippine migration helps
us understand how migration has shaped the social
landscape of the Philippines today. The rich history of
migration explains the motivation of Filipinos to go
overseas, the challenges and the opportunities that they
face. Migration in the Philippines is characterized in
four significant waves.
 FIRST WAVE
First ever recorded Philippine migration occurred in the 1417
when Sultan Paduka Batara initiated a mission to improve
trade relations with the Chines emperor, consisting of Sulu
Royalties and their families. Under Spanish rule in the 18th
century, Manila maintained trade relations with Acapulco
which started migration of Filipino seafarers to Mexico. At the
end of the 19th century Filipino students, professionals and
exiles migrated to Europe.
SECOND WAVE
Between 1906 and 1934, more than 100,000 Filipinos arrived in
the US, most of whom it Hawaii. As the colony of the US.
Filipinos were considered as US National Facilitating
Migration.
 THIRD WAVE
The US government instituted a national origin quota system.
The national origin quota led to a significant decline in
Filipino migration to the US.
• 1950s – around 250,000 Filipinos were employed in
logging camps in Sabah and Sarawak serving five year
contract.
• Indochina War – Many more Filipinos were employed
on American army bases in Vietnam, Thailand and
Guam.
• 1960s – The US and Canada relaxed immigration
regulations, which led to an significant increase of
Filipino migration in North America.
- Filipinos started migrated as nurses or
domestic workers to Western Europe.
 FOURTH WAVE
• 1970s – Former President Ferdinand Marcos
institutionalized a policy to encourage emigration to
stimulate the economy. Those policies were aimed to
be of temporary nature, labor migration has been
steadily increasing since. High employment and poor
living standards combined with a government policy
of emigration encouraged thousands of Filipinos to
seek employment overseas.
• 1972 – Marcos imposed Martial Law led to the exile of
political opponent. The political, social and economic
uncertainly under Martial Law rule of President
Marcos push opponents and Middle class Filipinos to
leave the country.
MIGRANTS
People who move from one place to another in search of
work or shelter are called migrants. Most of the times
migrants people are not skilled or educated therefore the
usually employed as daily wagers (workers who are paid at
the end of each day, for their services).
There were 4.9 million Filipinos living around the globe as
permanent residents outside the Philippines at the end of 2013,
the last year for which official statistics are available.
Below are the top 10 countries where migrated Filipinos and
their families have established their new homelands.
1. United States: 3,135,293 permanent Filipino residents (64.4%)
2. Canada: 626,668 (12.9%)
3. Australia: 334,096 (6.9%)
4. Japan: 163,532 (3.4%)
5. United Kingdom: 161,710 (3.3%)
6. Italy: 89,742 (1.8%)
7. Singapore: 44,102 (0.9%)
8. Germany: 36,020 (0.7%)
9. Spain: 32,226 (0.7%)
10. New Zealand: 29,008 (0.6%)
Philippines = United States
• – migration from the Philippines to the United
States began in the late 19th century. Between
1980 and 2016, the Filipino population in the US
nearly quadrupled, rising from 501,000 to 1.9
million. This growth was also influenced by
longstanding government, military, economic,
and educational ties between the two countries,
as well as Philippine policy that encourages and
facilitates labor migration for development
purpose.
5 Reasons Why Filipinos Go Abroad
• WORK- With attractive salaries and benefits, more and more
Filipinos are going abroad to work. In fact, a report released by the
National Statistics Office last September 2013, states that there are
around 2.2 million Filipinos who go abroad as Overseas Filipino
Workers (OFWs) anytime between April to September 2012. These
OFWs work as laborers or unskilled workers, service and sales
workers, professionals, plant and machine operators, and more.

• EDUCATION - Filipinos also go abroad to pursue their

studies, usually to take up specialized or advanced courses not
offered here in the Philippines.
• BUSINESS AND LEISURE – Some Filipinos also go
abroad for business and leisure. People travel abroad to attend
conventions, training, seminars, and meetings. Many
Filipinos also travel outside the country simply for a
vacation. Especially during summer vacation.

• PERMANENT RESIDENCY – Many Filipinos go

abroad to migrate. One of the main reasons for migration is
employment. High salary and great benefits attract Filipino
workers to migrate. Other Filipinos also bring their families
along with them in their country of employment. There are
also Filipino citizens who are married to foreigners, causing
their migration abroad
•MEDICAL TREATMENT – Finally, some Filipinos go
abroad to seek and advanced medical treatment and surgeries not
available in our country. Some cancer patients, for example, go
to Guangzhou, China, for consultation and for more advanced
and less invasive treatments. In a report by GMA Network
New, the Modern Cancer Hospital Guangzhou is said to treat
foreign patients, including Filipinos, and the number of these
patients increase by 20 percent each year.

Whatever the specific reasons are, Filipinos go abroad for one

main reason – to make their lives better.
Impacts of Migration
- Migration is becoming a very important subject for
the life of the cities. Many opportunities and
attraction of big cities pull large numbers of people
to big cities. Migration can have positive as well as
negative effects on the life of the migrants.
POSITIVE IMPACT
• Unemployment is reduced and people get better
job opportunities.
• Migration helps in improving the quality of life of
people.
• It helps to improve social life of people as they
learn about new culture, customs, and languages
which helps to improve brotherhood along people.
• Migration of skilled workers leads to a greater
economic growth of the region.
• Children get better opportunities for higher
education.
• The population density is reduced and the birth
rate decreases.
NEGATIVE IMPACT
• The loss of a person from rural areas, impact on the level
of output and development of rural areas.
• The influx of workers in urban areas increases
competition for the job, houses, school facilities, etc.
• Having large population puts too much pressure on
natural resources, amenities and services.
• It is difficult for a villager to survive in urban areas
because in urban areas there is no natural environment
and pure air. They have to pay for each and everything.
• Migration changes population of a place.
• Many migrants are completely illiterate and uneducated,
therefore, they are not only unfit for most jobs, but also
lack basic knowledge and life skill.
Eight of the Greatest Mass Migration
1. From Rural China to Urban Centers

• Date: 1976- on going

• Estimated Migrants: 160 million
• Grinding poverty was always a problem for rural China
and since the death of Mao in 1976, the relaxation of
migration rules have given immense impetus to this rural-
urban migration. These migrant workers have transformed
the economy of China providing much needed cheap labor
to fuel the export-led boom of the mighty Chinese
economy.
2. India to Pakistan

• Date: 1947-1950

• Estimated Migrants: 15 million+

• Death toll: 1 million
• 15 million people found themselves stranded in the ”wrong”
past of the land, Hindus in Pakistan territory and Muslim in
Indian territory. On 9th August 1947 a train carrying Muslim
officers from Delhi to Karachi was intercepted and four
Senior plus 150 other officers were massacred. Soon trains of
migrants began to arrive at their destination filled with dead
bodies and their caravans intercepted and Ivoted.
3. Resettlement of Europe after Soviet
Domination

• Date after World War ll

• Estimated Population displacement: 12 million Germans

• At the end of World War ll changes in the map of Europe

meant that many people found themselves living in hostile
territory and so millions, primarily Germans, ,making this
the largest single instance of ethnic cleansing in recorded
history.
4. Europe and rest of the World to Israel

• Date:1882- on going (Majorly 1948-200)

• Estimated migrants to date: 3.6 millions

• Because of the Zionist, Jews from all over the world to

encouragement to migrants to Israel. From 1919-1948 there
were 493,149 emigrants then after the declaration of the State
of Israel this number increased to 687,624(1948-1951) and since
then, Jews continue to trickles to their holy land.
5. Afghanistan to Pakistan

• Date: 1980’s

• Estimated migrants: 2.53 million

• The state of Afghanistan was thrown into instability when

soviet Union invaded the country in 1979. Unable to defeat
the local Mujaheddin resistance backed by a coalition of
American CIA and Pakistan, Soviets were forced to retreat
in 1988 after a bloody war. As a result of the terrible State
of the country millions of Afghans were compelled to seek
refuge in neigh boring Iran and Palastan.
6. China to Taiwan and Rest of the World

• Date: 1948-1950

• Estimated migrants:2 Million

• When the communists under Mao Zedona defeated the

Nationalists and set up a communist’s state, many millions
especially the Nationalist army yet fled to Taiwan, which
they declared a separated country, claiming it as the real
China. Industry quickly developed there and the state became
rich and prosperous other Chinese fled all over the world and
because of their dedicated and hardworking altitude they have
prospered.
7. Vietnam to rest of the World

• Date : 1970’s

• Estimated migrants:1.2 Million

• Millions of the people fled from Vietnam when it was taken

over the by the communist in their war with the USA in 1975.
They fled mainly by sea in any sort of vessel they could get
Hundreds and thousands were drowned in their tiny boats in
which they had to face deadly storms, hunger and had to elude
the pirates but many struggled through. According to the United
Nation High Commission for refugees between 200,000 and
400,000 boat people died at sea.
8. Chechnya to Central Asia

• Date : 1944

• Estimated migrants: 0.7 Million

• In 1944 Soviet leader Joseph Stalin accused the Chechen

people of helping the Germans in the World War ll. He
abolished the country and forced the people on a
compulsory migration to Central Asia. Many people were
killed en-route with estimated ranging from about a third
to half of the entire Chechen Population.
ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION
– refers to the migration of people into a country in
violation of the immigration Laws of the country, or the
continued residence of people without the legal right to
live in the country. Illegal immigration tends to the
financially upward, from poorer to richer countries. Illegal
residence in another country creates the risk of being
detained and deported of facing other sanctions.
 Example of
Illegal Migration
LAWS AND AGENCIES
• Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act 1995 –
A landmark Law – aimed to provide protection to
OFWs from predeparture through arrival and
return.

• Republic Act 10022 – Aiming to further strengthen

measures to protect migrant workers, their families
and other overseas Filipino in distress. The law also
mandates recruitment agencies or employers to
provide OFWs with compulsory insurance to cover
accidental death or disability among other
protections.
• Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) –
Also amended recruitment industry regulations, resulting in
the 2016 Revised POEA Rules and Regulations Governing the
Recruitment and Employment of seafarers and separate set of
rules and regulations applying to land-based workers. These
measures were aimed as curbing the illegal practices of
recruitment agencies, such as exorbitant placement fees and
contract substitution, which negatively impact migrants.
• Republic Act 10801 – This launched a new character
bolstering the overseas workers welfare administration. This
agency mandate is to provide programs and services for the
welfare of OFWs and their families and to manage the fund
from member contribution and interest from investment.
• Republic Act 10364 Anti-Trafficking in Person Act of 2012 –
Enhance concerted efforts to combat trafficking and increase
penalties for violators. Those who are interfered as victims of
trafficking can access support and assistance.
• Republic Act 10906 – Anti – Mail Order Bride Act of 1990 –
Unlike the earlier law, the amended version applies to
Filipino men as well as women, and fakes into account
trafficking and new development, such as online
transactions. The law mainly prohibits commercial or for
profit matching of offering of Filipinos to foreign national
through the mail, in person, or over the internet for the
purpose of marriage or common law partnership.