CHAPTER 5

CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
REFORMS and ENHANCEMENT

REPORTERS:
WMSU
AISA B. TAER
ANALYN D. AROT
MARY GRACE SALAVEDRA
K to 12
THE ENHANCED BASIC EDUCATION ACT OF 2013 (K TO 12)

• REPUBLIC ACT 10533 (ENHANCED BASIC EDUCATION ACT

OF 2013. The latest educational reform in Philippine Education
signed into law by President Benigno Aquino III on May 15, 2013.

The k to 12 includes one year of Kindergarten Education, six

years of Elementary Education, six years of Secondary
Education ( four years of Junior High School and two years of
Senior High School).
K to 12 makes the Philippine education system at par with the
international standard of 12-year basic education thereby
contributing to a better educated society capable of pursuing
productive employment, entrepreneurship, or higher
education studies. Every k to 12 graduates are also
expected to be equipped with skills like information, media
and technology skills, learning and innovation skills,
effective communication skills, and life and career skills.
 Bases of k to 12 Implementation
1. Mastery of the basic competencies is insufficient due to
congested curriculum
Comparative Achievement Levels in Mathematics Comparative Achievement Levels in Science
Achievement Achievement
Level Level

SY % SY & SY % SY &
2004-2005 2005-2006 2004-2005 2005-2006

Mastery 168, 371 16.41% 149, 992 15.21% Mastery 17, 921 1.75% 29, 479 2.99%

Near Mastery 321, 305 31.31% 253, 396 25.71% Near Mastery 246, 207 23.99% 196, 938 19.89%

Low Mastery 536, 439 52.28% 582, 436 59.09% Low Mastery 761, 987 74.26% 759, 337 77.03%
1,026,115
TOTAL 1,026,115 100.00% 985, 754 100.01% TOTAL 100% 985, 754 100%

NATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT TEST- FOURTH YEAR (2004-2005)

In international examinations, the Philippines performed poorly as revealed in 2003 TIMMS (Trends in
International Mathematics and Science) scores.

• Grade IV Science and Math- ranked 23 out of 25 participating countries.

• High School II Science- ranked 43 out of 46 and in Math ranked 34 out of 38.

Even with only the Science high schools participating in the Advanced Mathematics category in 2008
TIMMS, Philippines ranking did not improved. In fact it ranked the lowest among the 10 participating
countries. One of the that contribute to the low performance in achievement tests is the congested basic
education curriculum. Other countries teach in 12 years while Philippines teach only in 10 years and 10
years would not be enough to master the competencies. Adding two years would make possible the
decongestion of the curriculum for comprehensive acquisition of basic competencies and the 21st century
skills.
2. The Philippines is the only remaining country in Asia with
10-year basic education program.
• The short duration of the basic education program puts
millions of overseas Filipino workers, especially the
professionals, and those who intend to study abroad at a
disadvantage.
• Graduates of Philippine schools are not automatically
recognized as professionals outside the country.
Table 5. Researchers on Philippine Basic Education Curriculum and their Recommendations
YEAR SOURCE RECOMMENDATION

1925 Monroe Survey Training of graduates student in agriculture, commerce, and in industry because secondary
education did not prepare students for life.
1949 UNESCO Mission Survey Restoration of Grade VII in primary education

1950 Swanson Survey

1953 Education Act Revising the Primary school system by adding one year (Grade VII)

1960 Swanson Survey Restoring grade 7 in Primary education

1970 PCSPE Extending secondary education by one year to better prepare students who have no plans
to take up university education
1991 EDCOM Report Retaining the 10-year basic education phase while institutionalizing career counselling in
Primary and secondary schools in preparing for higher education
1998 Philippines Education Sector Study Prioritizing student learning through curricular reforms, the provision of textbooks, the
(World Bank and ADB) use of the vernacular in lower Primary grades, and the institution of a longer basic
education cycle
2000 PCER Implementing a compulsory one-year pre-baccalaureate stage as prerequisite for students
interested in enrolling in higher education degree programs.
2006 Philippine EFA 2015 National Action Plan Lengthening the educational cycle by adding two years to formal basic education (one
each for Primary and high school)
2008 Presidential Task Force on Education Extending pre-university education to a total of 12 years, benchmarking the content of the
eleventh and twelfth years with international programs
• Employability of Filipino high school graduates
The k to 12 Curriculum prepares the students for the world of work, middle level
skills development, entrepreneurship and college education. As early as Grade 7
and Grade 8, the student is made to explore at least 8 subjects in the four areas of
Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) namely : Home Economics, ICT,
Industrial Arts and Agriculture and Fishery Arts. In Grade 10 and Grade 12, the
student is supposed to have obtained a National Certificate (NCI and NCII) from
TESDA .

The short duration of basic education in the Philippines resulted to 15 year old
graduates who are not legally employable. The implementation of k to 12, the
graduates of senior high is 18 years old who is legally employable.
The K to 12 Curriculum
• Section 5 of the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013
Curricular Standards
a. The curriculum shall be learner-centered, inclusive and
developmentally appropriate;
b. The curriculum shall be relevant, responsive snd research-
based;
c. The curriculum shall be culture-sensitive;
d. The curriculum shall be contextualized and global;
e. The curriculum shall use pedagogical approaches that are
constructivist, inquiry-based, reflective, collaborative, and
integrative;
f. The curriculum shall adhere to the principles and framework of Mother Tongue-Based
Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) which start from where the learners are and from
what they already knew proceeding from the known to the unknown; instructional
materials and capable teachers to implement the MTB-MLE curriculum shall be
available;

g. The curriculum shall use the spiral progression approach to ensure mastery of
knowledge and skills after each level; and

h. The curriculum shall be flexible enough to enable and allow schools to localize,
indigenize and enhance the same based on their respective educational and social
contexts. The production and development of locally produced teaching materials shall
be encouraged and approval of these materials shall devolve to the regional and
division education units.
Curriculum Tracks
The student after Senior High School can choose among four
tracks, Academic, Technical-Vocational-Livelihood, sports
tract, and Arts and Design track
1. Academic Track
• Business, Accountancy, Management (BAM)
• Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS)
• Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM)
• General Academic Strand (GAS)
CORE CURRICULUM
DESCRIPTION
NOMENCLATURE/LEARNING AREA
Grade 1 to 6 Grade 7 to 10
Integrated Language Arts It focuses on the development of literacy Ang Filipino ay naglalayong malinang ang
Mother Tongue and numeracy skills and learning concepts kakayahang komunikatibo at kahusayan sa
Filipino first in the Mother Tongue from Grades 1- pag-unawa at pagpapahalagang
English 3 and later transfer to second language pampanitikan ng mga mag-aaral.
(Filipino and English). The macro skills- Lilinangin ang makrong kasanayan (
listening, speaking, reading, writing, and pakikinig, pagsasalita, pagbasa, pagsulat
viewing spiral across grade levels and at panunuod) sa tulong ng iba’t ibang
cross languages. The ultimate goal is dulog at pamamaraaan tulad ng
communicative competence both oral Komunikatibong Pagtuturo ng Wika
and written in three languages. (KPW), Pagtuturong Batay sa Nilalaman
(PBL) ng iba’t ibang akdang pampanitika,
Pagsanib ng Gramatika sa Tulong ng iba’t
ibang Teksto (PGRT) at isinasalang-alang
din ang pagsanib ng mga
pagpapahalagang pangkatauhan sa pag-
aaral at pagsusuri ng iba’t ibang akdang
pampanitikan.
 DESCRIPTION
NOMENCLATURE/ LEARNING AREA Grade 1 to 6 Grade 7 to 10
Science Science education aims to develop This course deals with the basic concepts
scientific literacy among students that will in Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Earth/
prepare them to be informed and Space Science. Every quarter presents the
participative citizens who are able to across grade levels in increasing
make judgments and decisions regarding complexity. The course is focused on the
applications of scientific knowledge that development of awareness and
may have social, health, or environmental understanding of practical everyday
impacts. The science curriculum problems that affect the learner’s lives
recognizes the place of science and and those around them.
technology in everyday human affairs. It
integrates science and technology in the
civic, personal, social, economic, and the
values and ethical aspects of life. The
science curriculum promotes a strong link
between science and technology,
including indigenous technology, keeping
our country’s cultural uniqueness and
peculiaritie
 DESCRIPTION
NOMENCLATURE/LEARNING AREA Grade 1 to 6 Grade 7 to 10
Mathematics Elementary mathematics covers basic it includes key concepts and principles of
concepts and ideas, skills and processes on number sense, measurement, algebra,
numbers and number sense-geometry, geometry, probability and statistics as
measurement, patterns and algebra, applied, using appropriate technology, in
probability and statistics as enlist, using critical thinking, problem solving, reasoning,
appropriate technology in critical thinking, communicating, making connections,
problem solving, reasoning, communicating, representations and decisions in real life.
making connections, representations and
decisions in real life.
Araling Panlipunan Ito ay asignatura na nagtuturo ng mga Ang asignaturang ito ay naglalayong
konsepto sa pananagutang pansarili, pamilya, tumalakay sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas gamit
kapwa, bansa/ daigdig at diyos; pananagutan ang sipi ng mga piling primaryang sanggunian
para sa kabutihang panlahat upang mamuhay mula sa iba’t ibang panahon at uri; at
nang may kaayusan, katiwasayan, kaunlaran magpamalas ng malalim na pang-unawa sa
tuno sa kaligayahan ng tao. mga pangunahing kaisipan at mga
napapanahong isyu sa pag-aaral ng
kasaysayan, pamahalaan,kultura at lipunan ng
mga rehiyong Asyano; kasaysayang
pandaigdig at napapanahong isyu; at ang
kaisipan at napapanahong isyu sa ekonomiks
at pambansang pag-unlad.
 DESCRIPTION
NOMENCLATURE/ LEARNING AREA Grade 1 to 6 Grade 7 to 10
Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan at Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Pangkabuhayan (EPP)/ Technology and develops knowledge, skills values and attitude develops knowledge, skills values and attitude
Livelihood Education (TLE) in Agriculture Entrepreneurship and in Agriculture Entrepreneurship and
Information Communication Technology (ICT), Information Communication Technology (ICT),
Home Economics, and Industrial Arts than can Home Economics, and Industrial Arts than can
help improve self, family and community life help improve self, family and community life
considering sustainable development considering sustainable development.

Music, Art, Physical Education and Health The Music Program focuses on the learner as This learning area covers four major
(MAPEH) the recipient of the knowledge, skills, and components namely: Music, Art, Physical
values necessary for artistic expression and Education and Health.
cultural literacy. The curriculum design is • Music and Art deal with the study of
student-centered, based learning. Thus, the man’s aesthetic expressions through
learner is empowered, through active sounds (music) and visuals (art) mirroring
involvement and participation, to effectively the sentiments and ideas of society and
correlate music and art to the development culture, and contributing to the
of his/ her own cultural identity and expand development of individual and collective
his/her her vision of the world. identity.
 DESCRIPTION
NOMENCLATURE/ LEARNING AREA Grade 1 to 6 Grade 7 to 10
The Art Program provides our Filipino It is designed to be student-centered,
learners with art experiences that include based on spiral progression and grounded
recognizing, creating, appreciating, and in performance-based learning focused
critiquing their own artistic works and the on appreciation and application where
works of others. From Kindergarten, art basic fundamentals are further
instruction begins with creative reinforced. The program design
exploration of art materials, concepts and empowers the learners to effectively
processes found in the Philippines and correlate Music and Art to the study of
other countries. Philippine Culture, as influenced by
history, the culture of its neighbors, and
It continues to develop the student’s the effects of globalization and the
imagination and individual expression, advancement of information technology.
and inquiry into the aesthetic qualities of • Each strand is sequentially developed
his work, the work of others, artists of the across grade levels including activities
past and present, from the Philippines that are varied and age-appropriate to
and from other parts of the world. It address the needs and interest of
culminates in seeing the connection of art each.
to other areas of study and exposure to • Physical Education and Health
various art-related activities and careers. promote the development of active
and a healthy lifestyle.
 DESCRIPTION
NOMENCLATURE/ LEARNING AREA
Grade 1 to 6 Grade 7 to 10
The Physical Education Program is anchored Physical Education focuses on five strands
on the tenet “MOVE TO LEARN AND LEARN namely: body management, movements
GO MOVE” with ultimate goal of achieving skills, games and sports, rhythm and dance
life long fitness. It shall contribute to the and physical fitness. Each strand is
development of fitness, health and wellness sequentially developed across grade levels
among school-age students as provided in including activities that are varied and age-
the program’s rich and challenging physical appropriate to address the needs and
activity experiences. It shall promote the interest of learners.
development of participative and active • The Health Program deals with physical,
body; learning to use the body in moving mental, emotional, social and spiritual
efficiently and effectively in a given space dimensions of health that enable learners
time, effort and assurance of quality to acquire essential knowledge, attitudes
movement. The desire for becoming a and skills necessary to promote good
physical educated person, thus aid an nutrition, prevent and control diseases,
individual in successfully selecting and substance use and improving personal,
participating activities appropriate at various family, community, national and global
stages of life. health.
 DESCRIPTION
NOMENCLATURE/ LEARNING AREA Grade 1 to 6 Grade 7 to 10
The Physical Health program from
kindergarten to grade 6 focuses on the
physical, mental, emotional, social, moral and
spiritual dimensions of health and enables
the learners to acquire essential knowledge,
attitudes, and skills necessary to promote
good nutrition, prevent and control diseases
and substance and abuse, reduce health-
related risk behaviors to prevent and control
injuries with the view of maintaining and
improving personal, family, community,
national and global health.

Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao (ESP) Ang Edukasyon sa Pagpapahalaga (ESP) ay Ang Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao (ESP) ay
asignaturang bahagi ng K to 12 na gagabay at naglalayong malinang at mapaunlad ang
huhubog sa mga kabataan. Ang tunguhin o kakayahan ng mga mag-aaral sa moral
outcome ng ESP ay kabataang nagpapasya at
na pagpapasaya at paggawa ng mga
kumikilos nang mapanagutan tungo sa
kabutihang panlahat. pasyang btay sa indinidikta ng tamang
konsensya:
 DESCRIPTION
NOMENCLATURE/ LEARNING AREA Grade 1 to 6 Grade 7 to 10
Nangangahulugang ito na lilinangin at Apat na tema ang nililinang sa paraang
paunlarin ang pagkataong etikal ng bawat expanding spiral mula kindergarten
mag-aaral. Upang maipamalas ito,kailangang hanggang grade 10:
magtaglay siya ng kakayahan (macro-skills): a. Pananagutang Pansarili at Pagiging Kasapi
pag-unawa, pagninilay, pagsangguni, ng Pamilya
pagpapasya at pagkilos. b. Pakikipagkapwa at Katatagan ng Pamilya
c. Paggawa Tungo sa Pambansang Pag-unlad
at pakikibahagi sa Pandaigdigang
Pagkakaisa
d. Pagkamakadiyos at Presensya sa
Kabutihan
Ang nilalaman at istruktura ng Edukasyon sa
Pagpapkatao ay nakaangkla sa dalawang
disiplina: ETHICS at CAREER GUIDANCE .
Ang Etika ay seyensiya ng moralidad ng kilos
ng tao. Ang Career Guidance ay ang paggabay
sa mag-aaral ng magpasya ang kursong
akademiko o teknikal-bokasyonal na tugma sa
kanyang mga talento, kakayahan at aptitude
at mga trabahong kailangan sa ekonomiya.
Figure 1 – Tracks in Senior High School
Academic
Grade 11
TechVoc

Sports
Grade 12

Arts and Design

The Senior High School Curriculum
There are four tracks in Senior High School. These are the
Academic Track, TechVoc track, Sports, and Arts and Design
track.
The Academic track has four strands namely:
1. Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM)
2. Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS)
3. Accounting, Business and Management (ABM)
4. General Academic Strand (GAS)
 Figure 2 – Academic Track – 4 • The Senior High School
Strands Curriculum has a total of thirty-
one subjects that are grouped
STEM HUMSS into fifteen (15) core subjects,
seven (7) contextualized
subjects and nine (9)
TOTAL=
ABM 4
GENERAL
ACADEMIC
specialized subjects.
STRAND
S
Core Subjects – taken by all students regardless of track
communication
Reading & Writing
Language
Komunikasyon at Pananaliksik sa Wikang Filipino at Kulturang Pilipino
Pagbasa at Pagsusuri ng Iba’t Ibang Teksto Tungo sa Pnanaliksik
Humanities 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Region
Communication Media & Information Literacy
General Statistics
Mathematics
Statistics & Probability
Earth and Life Sciences Lecture and Laboratory
Science
Physical Sciences Lecture and Laboratory
Personal Development/ Pansariling Kaunlaran
Social Science
Understanding Society and Culture
Philosophy Intro to Philosophy of the Human Person/ Pambungad sa Pilisopiya ng Tao
PE and Health – Physical Education and Health
Contextualized subjects
Contextualized subjects apply to all tracks and strands but the subjects are
taught in the context of the track. For example, English for Academic and
Professional Purposes for the TechVoc track will center on techvoc terms,
describing and reporting techvoc-related procedures while for the sports
track, the English subject will focus on the language for sports.

Research may be a presentation and defense of a paper in management for

ABM track or in STEM. A culminating activity or exhibit for the Arts and
Design track and end-of-the-term exhibits for the Arts and Design track.
Academic Track TechVoc, Sports, Arts and Design Tracks
English for Academic and Professional Purposes English for the Professions
Introduction to Research and Methods- Quantitative Research Skills 1
Introduction to Research Methods- Qualitative Research Skills 2
Filipino course Mga Diskurso sa Trabaho
ICT for Learners ICT applications
Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship
Research Project Research Project/ Culminating Activity

7 Applied Subjects

• Academic TechVoc, Sports, Arts and Design

1. English for Academic and Professional Purposes
2. Research in Daily Life 1
3. Research in Daily Life 2
4. Pagsulat sa Filipino sa Piling Larangan
5. Entrepreneurship
6. Empowerment Technologies (E-Tech): ICT for Professional tracks
7. Research Project/ Culminating Activity
Specialized Subjects, Academic Track, ABM
1. Applied Economics
2. Business Ethics and Social Responsibility
3. Fundamentals of Accountancy, Business and Management 1
4. Fundamentals of Accountancy, Business and Management 2
5. Business Math
6. Business Finance
7. Organization and Management
8. Principles of Marketing
9. Work Immersion/Research/Career Advocacy/Culminating
Specialized STEM
1. Pre-Calculus
2. Basic Calculus
3. General Biology 1
4. General Biology 2
5. General Physics 1
6. General Physics 2
7. General Chemistry 1
8. General Chemistry 2
9. Work Immersion/ Research/Career Advocacy/Culminating Activity
Specialized HUMSS
1. Creative Writing
2. Creative Non-Fiction: The Literacy Essay
3. Word Religious and Belief Systems
4. Trends, Network and Critical thinking in the 21st Century
5. Philippine Politics and Governance
6. Community Engagement, Social Participation and Citizenship
7. Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences
8. Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Sciences
9. Work Immersion/Research/Career Advocacy/Culminating Activity
Specialized – General Academic Strand
1. Humanities 1
2. Humanities 2
3. Social Sciences 1
4. Applied Economics
5. Organization and Management
6. Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
7. Elective 1 (from any track/strand)
8. Elective 2 (from any track/strand)
9. Work Immersion/Research/Career Advocacy/Culminating Activity
Specialization - Sports
1. Safety and First Aid
2. Human Movement
3. Fundamentals of Coaching
4. Sports Officiating and Activity Management
5. Fitness, Sports and Recreation Leadership
6. Psychosocial Aspects of Sports and Exercise
7. Fitness Testing and Exercise Programming
8. Practicum (in-campus)
9. Work Immersion/Research/Career Advocacy/Culminating Activity
Specialized Courses in Academic Track
Liberal Arts HUMMS BAM STEM

Literature 1 Literature 1: Fiction and Drama Applied Economics 1 Pre-Calculus

Humanities 1 Literature 2 Applied Economics 2 Basic Calculus

Social Science 1 Humanities 1: Popular Art as Text Accounting 1 General Chemistry 1

Economics 1 Humanities 2

General physics
Organization and Education 1/Foreign Language 1 Business Math
Management
Specialized Courses in Academic Track
Liberal Arts HUMMS BAM STEM

Foreign Language 1 Education 2 / Foreign Business Finance General Physics 2

Language 2

Applied Science Social SCIENCE 1 Organization and General Biology 1

Management

Pre-Calculus Social Science 2 Principles of General Biology 2

Marketing

Work Immersion/Research/Career Advocacy/Culminating Activity

Specialized Courses for Arts and Design tracks
Arts and Design Strands
Arts Assessment and Guidance
Arts Track 1 Introduction to Applied Arts and Design Production
Arts Track 2 Introduction to Performing Arts
Arts Track 3 Understanding Elements and Principles of the Different Arts
Arts Track 4 Work Environment in Various Arts Fields
Arts Track 5 Developing Filipino Identity in the Arts
Arts Tack 6 Leadership and Management in Different Arts Fields
Arts Track 7 Leadership and Management in the Different Arts Fields (Production and Performing:
Arts Track 8 Music, Dance and Theater)

Arts Track 9 Apprenticeship and Exploration of Different Arts Design Production (Media Arts, Visual
Arts and Literary Arts)
Specialized courses for Sports Track
Sports Track Subjects
Sports Track 1 Safety and First Aid
Sports Track 2 Understanding Human Movement
Sports Track 3 General Coaching Course
Sports Track 4 Sports Officiating
Sports Track 5 Fitness Leadership
Sports Track 6 Sports/Recreation/Fitness Management
Sports Track 7 Student-Athlete Enhancement and Formation
Sports Track 8 Fitness Testing and Exercise Prescription
Sports Track 9 Recreational Leadership
THANK YOU!