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Lecture 1-Rolle's Theorem and Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem

The document discusses Rolle's theorem and Lagrange's mean value theorem from calculus. It provides statements of the theorems and examples demonstrating their application. Rolle's theorem is about the existence of a critical point for a function on a closed interval where the boundary values are equal. Lagrange's mean value theorem relates the rate of change of a function to its derivative over an interval. Examples verify the theorems for specific functions and use Lagrange's theorem to approximate a value.

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215 views17 pages

Lecture 1-Rolle's Theorem and Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem

The document discusses Rolle's theorem and Lagrange's mean value theorem from calculus. It provides statements of the theorems and examples demonstrating their application. Rolle's theorem is about the existence of a critical point for a function on a closed interval where the boundary values are equal. Lagrange's mean value theorem relates the rate of change of a function to its derivative over an interval. Examples verify the theorems for specific functions and use Lagrange's theorem to approximate a value.

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Duffer Boys
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DEPARTMENT OF

MATHEMATICS
[YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT – 1997]

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE


MATHEMATICS - I
TEXT BOOK: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS BY
SHANTI NARAYAN & P.K.MITTAL

LECTURE - 1
Rolle’s Theorem
and
Lagrange’s mean value theorem
(Chapter-8.1 & 8.2)
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS,
CVRCE
Statement

If a function f(x) is
(i) continuous in a closed interval [a, b],
(ii) derivable in an interval (a, b), and
(iii) f(a) = f(b),
then there exist at least one value c  (a, b) such that f ‘ (c) = 0.
Solved Problems

Ex-1: Verify Rolle’s theorem for


f ( x)  x ( x  3) e x / 2 in [3,0].

Let f ( x)  x ( x  3) e x / 2 , x  [3,0].
so that f(-3) = 0 = f(0).
Also the function is derivable in the interval [-3, 0].
 1
We have f ( x)  (2 x  3) e x/2
 x( x  3)e x/2
 
 2
( x 2  x  6)  x / 2
 e
2
Now f ( x)  0   x 2  x  6  0.

The equation  x 2  x  6  0 is satisfied by x = -2, 3.


Of these two values of x for which f’ (x) is zero, -2 belongs
to the open interval (-3, 0) under consideration. Hence the
verification.

Ex-2: Discuss applicability of Rolle’s Theorem to the


function f(x) = |x| in [-1,1].

Here f (1) =|1| = 1 and f(-1)= |-1|= 1


So, f (1) = f(-1) = 1.
Also we observe that the function f(x) is continuous for all
values of x in (-1,1) except perhaps at x = 0.
We find f(0) = |0| = 0.
Also, lim f (0  h)  lim | 0  h || 0 | 0
h 0 h 0

lim f (0  h)  lim | 0  h || 0 | 0


h 0 h 0

So, lim f (0  h)  lim f (0  h)  f (0).


h 0 h 0

Hence the function is continuous at x=0 and thus the


function f(x) is continuous at every point in [-1, 1].
Also,
Also Rf (0)  lim f (0  h)  f (0)
h 0 h
|0h||0|
 lim
h 0 h
h0
 lim 1
h 0 h
f (0  h)  f (0)
Lf (0)  lim
h 0 h
|0h||0|
 lim
h 0 h
h0
 lim  1
h 0  h

We find that Rf (0)  Lf (0) and so f  (0) does not exist.
Hence the function f(x) is not differentiable in the entire open
interval (-1, 1) and so Rolle’s Theorem is not applicable to the
given function f(x) in [-1, 1]

Ex-3: Verify Rolle’s theorem for


f ( x)  e x (sin x  cos x); x [ / 4,5 / 4].

f ( / 4)  0  f (5 / 4)

Also the function is derivable in the interval [ / 4,5 / 4]


We have f ( x)  e x (sin x  cos x)  e x (cos x  sin x)
 2e x sin x
Now f ( x)  0  sin x  0 (as, e x  0)
 x   n

Of these values of x for which f’(x) is zero, π belongs to the open


interval (π/4, 5π/4) under consideration. Hence the verfication.`
If a function f is
(i) Continuous in a closed interval [a,b] and
(ii) derivable in the open interval (a, b),
then there exists at least one value c ϵ(a, b) such that
f (b)  f (a )
 f (c)
ba
Alternative Form of Lagrange’s Mean Value
Theorem

If b = a+h, then f (a  h)  f (a )
 f (a   h)
aha
c = a+θh lies between a and b = (a+h) when 0 < θ < 1.
Thus f(a+h) = f(a) + h f ‫( ׳‬a+θh), 0 < θ < 1.
Ex-1: Find ‘c’ of the mean value theorem, if
f(x) = x (x-1) (x-2); x ϵ [0, ½]

We have f(0) = 0, f(1/2) = ¾,

1
f    f (0)
  2

3
1 2
0
2
Also, f ( x)  ( x  1)( x  2)  x( x  2)  x( x  1)
 3x 2  6 x  2.
1
f    f (0)
We have 2  f (c)
1
0
2
3 1
  3c  6c  2  3c  6c   0
2 2

2 2
6  30
c
6
Ex-2: Let f be defined and continuous in [a-h, a+h] and
derivable in (a-h, a+h). Prove that there is a real number θ
between 0 and 1 such that
f(a+h) – f(a-h) = h [ f ’ (a+θh) + f ‘ (a-θh)]
Define a function
φ(x)= f ( a+hx) – f(a-hx), x ϵ [0,1]
As x varies in [0,1], a+hx varies in [a, a+h] and a-hx varies in
[a-h, a].
Thus φ is continuous in [0, 1] and derivable in (0, 1). Hence by
Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem there exists θ (0 < θ <1) such
that
 (1)   (0)
  ( )
1 0
 f (a  h)  f (a  h)  h[ f (a   h)  f (a   h)]

Where φ(1) = f(a+h) – f(a-h) and φ(0)=0.


Ex.3: Deduce Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem from Rolle’s
theorem.

Choose g(x) = f(x) – f(a) – A(x-a),


Where A is a constant and f is continuous in [a, b] and derivable in
(a, b). Then g(x) is also continuous in [a, b] and derivable in (a, b).
Further g(a) = 0 and determine A such that
g(b) = f(b) – f(a) – A(b-a)= 0
Solving f (b)  f (a)
A
ba
Thus g satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem. Therefore there
exists a number c є(a, b) such that g ‫( ׳‬c)=0
But g ‫( ׳‬x) =f ‫( ׳‬x)- A
So 0= g ‫( ׳‬c) = f ‫( ׳‬c)- A
f (b)  f (a)
Hence f ‫( ׳‬c)= A 
ba
which is the result of Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem.
5
Ex.4: Calculate approximately 245 by LMV theorem.

Choose f ( x)  x , a= 243, b= 245


1/ 5

1  54
Then f ( x)  .x
5
By LMV theorem, f(a+h) = f(a) +h. f ‫( ׳‬c)
Take c = 243 approximately
f(245)=f(243) + (245-243) . f ‫( ׳‬243)
1 1 4
1 
 (245)  (243)  2 (243) 5
5 5
5
2 1
 3  .  3.0049.
5 34

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