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Lesson 21 Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose and other nutrients to extract energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria and is converted into acetyl-CoA to feed into the Krebs cycle, producing more ATP and NADH/FADH2. These electron carriers then feed into the electron transport chain, where their energy is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP synthase harnesses this proton

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124 views41 pages

Lesson 21 Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose and other nutrients to extract energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria and is converted into acetyl-CoA to feed into the Krebs cycle, producing more ATP and NADH/FADH2. These electron carriers then feed into the electron transport chain, where their energy is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP synthase harnesses this proton

Uploaded by

Janine Nacuna
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Cellular Respiration

How Cells Harvest


Chemical Energy
Learning Objectives:
 1. trace the energy flow from the
environment to the cells.
 2. describe how organisms obtain and
utilize energy
 3. recognize that organisms require
energy to carry out functions required for
life
What is Cellular Respiration?

 The process in which organisms breaks


down food into simpler molecules and
release the chemical energy stored in
the chemical bonds of those molecules.

 It’s important to remember that food is


not the direct source of energy.
What types of organisms
undergo cellular respiration?
 While only autotrophs undergo
photosynthesis both
Heterotrophs

Autotrophs
Undergo cellular respiration.
What types of molecules
are broken down?
 Any food (organic)
molecule, or nutrient,
including carbohydrates,
fats/lipids, and proteins
can be processed and
broken down as a source
of energy to produce ATP.
What Does ATP Do for You?

 It supplies YOU with ENERGY!


What will the ATP be used for?
 ATP will release energy for cellular
metabolic processes.

 Examples:
1) Active transport of molecules across
the cell membrane.
2) Protein synthesis
3) Muscle contractions
NADH and FADH2
NAD+ - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
FAD+ - Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

 NAD+ traps electrons from glucose


to make NADH (energy stored)

 Similarly, FAD+ stores energy as


FADH2
Cellular Respiration Simple
Equation
Nutrients + Oxygen Water + Energy (ATP) + CO2

Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy (sunlight) Nutrients + Oxygen

Photosynthesis Simple Equation


Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
 A catabolic pathway
 Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with organic
compounds.

 Involves three stages:


• Glycolysis (anaerobic)
• Krebs Cycle (aerobic)
• Electron Transport Chain (aerobic)
Overview of Cellular Respiration
 In presence of oxygen (aerobic) glycolysis is
followed by: ______________
Krebs Cycle
______________
Electron Transport Chain
Where Does Cellular Respiration
Take Place?

 It
actually takes place in two
parts of the cell:

• Glycolysis occurs in the Cytosol


• Krebs Cycle & ETC take place in the
Mitochondria
Review of Mitochondria Structure

 Smooth outer
Membrane

 Folded inner
membrane

 Folds called Cristae

 Space inside cristae


called the Matrix
Diagram of the Process
Occurs in
Matrix

Occurs in Cytoplasm Occurs


across
Cristae
Glycolysis
1. Means “splitting of sugar”

2. Occurs in the cytosol of the cell

3. Partially oxidizes glucose (6C) into two


pyruvate (3C) molecules.

4. Occurs whether or not oxygen is present.


5. An exergonic process, (meaning energy is released) most
of the energy harnessed is conserved in the high-energy
electrons of NADH and in the phosphate bonds of ATP
Glycolysis Summary
• Takes place in the Cytosol
• Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)
• Requires input of 2 ATP
• Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate
• Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP
Evaluation:
1) Based on your own understanding,
summarize the process of glycolysis in
1 paragraph.

2) Justify the statement “Hexokinase traps


glucose in the cell and begins
glycolysis.”
What moves on to the next
Stage?
 Pyruvic acid is the main goal of glycolysis
and these molecules will move on to the
Krebs Cycle.

 Pyruvic Acid Krebs Cycle


 NADH ETC
 ATP Usable Energy
After Glycolysis What Happens?
Glycolysis
If O2 is not present If O2 is present

Fermentation Krebs Cycle


Aerobic Respiration
The Aerobic Pathway
Formation of Acetyl CoA
1. Junction between glycolysis and Krebs cycle

2. Pyruvate molecules are translocated from the cytosol into


the mitochondrion by a carrier protein in the mitochondrial
membrane.

3. Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

4. A CO2 is removed from pyruvate – making a 2C compound.

5. Coenzyme A is attached to the acetyl group.


Formation of Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate
Dehydrogenase
Formation of Acetyl CoA
Krebs Cycle
 Also known as TriCarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)
 Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
 Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that give
off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle
 Turns twice per glucose molecule
 Takes place in matrix of mitochondria
Krebs Cycle Summary
 Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces
4NADH, 1FADH2, and 2CO2

 Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the


Krebs Cycle produces 8NADH, 2FADH2,
4CO2, and 2ATP
Fermentation
 Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)
 Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle
cells (makes muscles tired) (In animal)
 Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast
(produces ethanol) (In plants)
 Nets only 2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain
1. Located in the inner membrane of the
mitochondria known as cristae.

2. Oxygen pulls the electrons from NADH and


FADH2 down the electron transport chain to a
lower energy state.

3. Process produces 36 ATP or 90% of the ATP in


the body.
Electron Transport Chain
4. Requires oxygen, the final electron acceptor.

5. For every FADH2 molecule – 2 ATP’s are produced.

6. For every NADH molecule – 3 ATP’s are produced.

7. Chemiosmosis – the production of ATP using the


energy of H+ gradients across membranes to
phosphorylate ADP.
ATP Synthase
 A protein in the inner membrane in the
mitochondria.

 Uses energy of the ion gradient to power ATP


synthesis.

 For every H+ ion that flows through ATP


synthase, one ATP can be formed from ADP
Cellular Respiration in Summary
Formation of CELLULAR
Glycolysis Krebs Cycle (TCA)
Acetyl CoA RESPIRATION
2 ATP 2 ATP
2 NADH = 4 ATP 2 NADH = 6 ATP 6 NADH = 18 ATP
2 FADH2 = 4 ATP
6 ATP + 6 ATP + 24 ATP 36 ATP
Evaluation:
1) Differentiate cellular respiration with
breathing.

2) Explain how important is the electron


transport chain for the whole process of
cellular respiration.

2) Briefly summarize the whole cellular


respiration process.

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