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Periodic Table Introduction

The document discusses the periodic table, including its organization by atomic number, properties that can be predicted based on position, and key families such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases, and carbon and nitrogen families. Mendeleev and Meyer made early contributions to organizing the periodic table based on similarities in properties and reactivities of elements known at the time.

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487 views

Periodic Table Introduction

The document discusses the periodic table, including its organization by atomic number, properties that can be predicted based on position, and key families such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases, and carbon and nitrogen families. Mendeleev and Meyer made early contributions to organizing the periodic table based on similarities in properties and reactivities of elements known at the time.

Uploaded by

minerva solis
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Periodic Table and the Elements

What is the periodic table ?


What information is obtained from the table ?
How can elemental properties be predicted base on the PT ?
Dmitri Mendeleev (1869)
In 1869 Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer (Germany)
published nearly identical classification schemes
for elements known to date. The periodic table is
base on the similarity of properties and reactivities
exhibited by certain elements. Later, Henri
Moseley ( England,1887-1915) established that
each elements has a unique atomic number, which
is how the current periodic table is organized.

http://www.chem.msu.su/eng/misc/mendeleev/welcome.html
The Periodic Table
A map of the building block of matter.

1 18
IA VIIIA

1 H
1 2
IIA
Periodic Table 13
IIIA
14
IVA
15
VA
16
VIA
17
VIIA He
2

1.00797 4.0026
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.939 9.0122 10.811 12.0112 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.179
11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.9898 24.305 26.9815 28.086 30.9738 32.064 35.453 39.948
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.102 40.08 44.956 47.90 50.942 51.996 54.9380 55.847 58.9332 58.71 63.54 65.37 65.37 72.59 74.9216 78.96 79.909 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.905 91.22 92.906 95.94 [99] 101.07 102.905 106.4 107.870 112.40 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.904 131.30
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.905 137.34 138.91 178.49 180.948 183.85 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.09 196.967 200.59 204.37 207.19 208.980 [210] [210] [222]
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109
7 Fr Ra Ac Ku http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html
[223] [226] [227] [260]
Periodic Table Expanded View
The way the periodic table usually seen is
a compress view, placing the Lanthanides
and actinides at the bottom of the stable.

The Periodic Table can be arrange by subshells.


The s-block is Group IA and & IIA, the p-block is
Group IIIA - VIIIA. The d-block is the transition
metals, and the f-block are the Lanthanides and
Actinide metals
Periodic Table: Metallic arrangement
Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs. nonmetals

Nonmetals
Metals
Periodic Table: The three broad Classes
Main, Transition, Rare Earth
Main (Representative), Transition metals, lanthanides and actinides (rare earth)
Reading the Periodic Table: Classification
Nonmetals, Metals, Metalloids, Noble gases
Across the Periodic Table
Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the periodic table (rows 1-7)

These elements have the same number of shells or energy levels.

2nd Period

6th Period
Down the Periodic Table
Family: Are arranged vertically down the periodic table (columns or group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B)

These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence shell.

Alkali Family:
1 e- in the valence shell

Halogen Family:
7 e- in the valence shell
Families of the Periodic Table
Notable families of the Periodic Table and some important members:
Alkali Halogen
Noble Gas
Alkaline
(earth)

Transition Metals
Periodic Table: electron behavior
The periodic table can be classified by the behavior of their electrons

West (South) Mid-plains East (North)


METALS METALLOID NON-METALS
Alkali Noble gas
Alkaline Halogens
Transition Calcogens
These elements These elements These elements
tend to give up will give up e- or tend to accept
e - and form accept e- e - and form
CATIONS ANIONS
Hydrogen
Hydrogen belongs to a
family of its own.
Hydrogen is a diatomic,
reactive gas.
Hydrogen was involved in
the explosion of the
Hindenberg.
Hydrogen is promising as an
alternative fuel source for
automobiles
Alkali Metals
1st column on the
periodic table (Group
1) not including
hydrogen.
Very reactive metals,
always combined with
something else in
nature (like in salt).
Soft enough to cut with
a butter knife
Alkaline Earth Metals
Second column on the
periodic table. (Group
2)
Reactive metals that are
always combined with
nonmetals in nature.
Several of these
elements are important
mineral nutrients (such
as Mg and Ca
Transition Metals
Elements in groups 3-11
Less reactive harder
metals
Includes metals used in
jewelry and construction.
Metals used“as metal.”
Boron Family
Elements in group 13
Aluminum metal was
once rare and
expensive, not a
“disposable metal.”
Carbon Family
Elements in group 14
Contains elements
important to life and
computers.
Carbon is the basis for
an entire branch of
chemistry.
Silicon and Germanium
are important
semiconductors.
Nitrogen Family
Elements in group 15
Nitrogen makes up over
¾ of the atmosphere.
Nitrogen and
phosphorus are both
important in living
things.
Most of the world’s
nitrogen is not available
to living things.
The red stuff on the tip
of matches is
phosphorus.
Oxygen Family
Elements in group 16
Oxygen is necessary
for respiration.
Many things that
stink, contain sulfur
(rotten eggs, garlic,
skunks,etc.)
Halogens
Elements in group 17
Very reactive, volatile,
diatomic, nonmetals
Always found combined
with other element in
nature .
Used as disinfectants
and to strengthen teeth.
The Noble Gases
Elements in group 18
VERY unreactive,
monatomic gases
Used in lighted
“neon” signs
Have a full valence
shell.

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