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813 views4 pages

Flash Cards of Theories

Uploaded by

api-263853267
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Stuart Hall- Effects of Representation Stuart Hall- Reception Theory

Media is shown from the producer’s POV Audiences are either PASSIVE (take in the media
Producers encode messages to the audience and the audience
without question) or ACTIVE (criticize media or
decode these based on contextual/cultural differences (Reception
Theory; dominant/negotiated/oppositional readings) creates own media).

Media can create positive and negative effects on society:


Encoding and decoding:
Copy Cat Behaviour -Preferred/dominant reading: when the audience
Positive: Angelina Jolie; goodwill ambassador for the United accepts the dominant reading of the text; active
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
audience. E.g. horror= preferred reading is scared
Negative: James Bulger, Childs Play 3; blue paint.

Education & Information -Negotiated reading= when someone understands


Positive: The Samaritans website/You Tube channel spreading
the meaning but it doesn’t relate to them so it is of
awareness & offering help
no interest to them to decode it.
Negative: Desensitisation through information regarding
films/videos of violence making it seem acceptable; gaming e.g.
-Oppositional reading= when someone makes a
GTA; option of running over prostitutes finding violence comedic.
conscious rejection or subversion of the preferred
Moral Panic meaning; passive audience. E.g. laughing at a
News media are often accused of encouraging the idea that
horror film.
negative situation is out of control and threatening society as a
whole, and of passing a judgement on who is to blame that might
not be accurate. Typical Examples are: -Aberrant reading: when the reading is so far from
-Terrorism
the dominant reading that it is not apparant to the
-Immigration
-Behaviour of young people audience so could not be decoded.

-Objectification Treating someone as an object rather than a


person with no thoughts, feelings or rights.
Media is polysemic (multiple meanings)- very
open interpretations
-The term usually refers to women’s bodies being presented only
as sources of sexual pleasure.
Richard Dyer- Stereotyping Laura Mulvey- Male Gaze Theory

Stereotypes create power A feminist theory that believes that the media
‘non-white racial groups, women, gay people are sexualises women from the producers POV who
often easier to identify rather than stereotypes of is male.
white, middle-class, heterosexual men.
We see this through cinematography, costume,
Stereotypes creates assumptions to construct the editing and sound.
audience’s perceptions of the world.
Voyeurism- the pleasure in looking.
Stereotypes exaggerates difference which may
create conflict between groups. Women are often sexualised for the male
audience for pleasure and seen as sexual objects.
Stereotypes are a way of imposing order on
diversity by oversimplification behaviours and
Uses & Gratifications
traits.
By Blumer & Katz
Hogomony- Over Simplification Gratification= pleasure
Personal Identity – Inbetweeners- identify
Media does not create stereotypes but they with the characters
certainly reinforce them. Information- News
Entertainment – TV Series- X Factor
Stereotypes can be positive or negative Social Interaction- Participate online- online
Positive; Damien & Janis in Mean Girls
gaming/participating on music videos
Negative: Karen; dumb blonde, Regina; rich spoilt
white girl
Intertextuality Open Text- a media form that is open to
multiple interpretations (Reception Theory)
Referencing another media text. Closed Text- a media form that has one
interpretation
E.g. Lego Movie has Batman in the film.
Could be for personal identity, Polysemy/ Polysemic- more than one meaning
develops a pre-sold audience (fans of
the characters), expands sales. Barthes- Semiotics

Other egs: Family Guy, the Simpsons, Denotation- signify (there is blood)
Wreck It Ralph 2, Stranger Things (80s). Connotation- signifier (blood connotes to
violence/death)
Hypodermic Needle
When the media injects ideas and Genre Conventions (for TV/Film)
messages into the passive audience.
Representations (DR CAGES)
E.g. North Korea telling the audiences
on the news that they had won the Presence- what we see (representation)
world cup when in reality they didn’t
qualify. Absence- what we do not see (under
Serif- traditional, sophisticated, formal
representation)
Sans Serif- modern, youthful, informal
Layout- symmetrical/asymmetrical/ size
Colour- connotations (red-passion)
Eg. Presence of masculinity, Absence of female
Language- rhetorical questions, puns etc. representation as powerful.
Camera Shots/Angles/Movements Editing
Pan (side to side) Screen time Eye line Match
Tilt (up to down or down to up) Cutting to the beat Pace
Tracking Establishing Shot Long Take
Close Up Ariel Shots Short Take
Extreme Close Up Shot Reverse Shot
Mid Shot Sequence Shot Fade
Wide Shot Dissolve
Long Shot Cross-Cutting
POV Colour Correction (monochrome/saturation)
Two Shot Montage
Mise En Scene Sound
Location Diegetic (talking)
Set Non-Diegetic (added in)
Costume Tempo
Make Up Tone
Hair Volume
High Key/Low Key Lighting/Back Synchornous (music that matches the mood)
Lighting/Under Lighting/Top Asynchronous (music that goes against the mood)
Lighting Dialogue
Props Foley
Performance (facial Score (music made especially for that film/show)
expressions/body language) Soundtrack

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