Chapter 9
Records (structs)
C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Eighth Edition
1
Objectives (1 of 2)
• In this chapter, you will:
• Learn about records (structs)
• Examine various operations on a struct
• Explore ways to manipulate data using a struct
• Learn about the relationship between a struct and functions
• Examine the difference between arrays and structs
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Objectives (2 of 2)
• Discover how arrays are used in a struct
• Learn how to create an array of struct items
• Learn how to create structs within a structs
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Records (structs) (1 of 3)
• struct: a collection of a fixed number of components in which the
components are accessed by name
• The components may be of different types and are called the members of the
struct
• Syntax
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Records (structs) (2 of 3)
• A struct is a definition, not a declaration
• Must declare a variable of that type to use it
struct houseType
{
string style;
int numOfBedrooms;
int numOfBathrooms;
int numOfCarsGarage;
int yearBuilt;
int finishedSquareFootage;
double price;
double tax;
};
//variable declaration
houseType newHouse;
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Records (structs) (3 of 3)
FIGURE 9-1 struct newHouse
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Accessing struct Members (1 of 2)
• Syntax to access a struct member:
• The dot (.) is called the member access operator
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Accessing struct Members (2 of 2)
• To initialize the members of newStudent:
newStudent.GPA = 0.0;
newStudent.firstName = "John";
newStudent.lastName = "Brown";
FIGURE 9-2 struct newStudent
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Assignment (1 of 2)
• Value of one struct variable can be assigned to another struct variable of
the same type using an assignment statement
• The statement:
student = newStudent;
copies the contents of newStudent into student
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Assignment (2 of 2)
• The assignment statement:
student = newStudent;
• is equivalent to the following statements:
student.firstName = newStudent.firstName;
student.lastName = newStudent.lastName;
student.courseGrade = newStudent.courseGrade;
student.testScore = newStudent.testScore;
student.programmingScore = newStudent.programmingScore;
student.GPA = newStudent.GPA;
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Comparison (Relational Operators)
• Compare struct variables member-wise
• No aggregate relational operations are allowed
• To compare the values of student and newStudent:
if (student.firstName == newStudent.firstName &&
student.lastName == newStudent.lastName)
.
.
.
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Input/Output
• No aggregate input/output operations are allowed on a struct variable
• Data in a struct variable must be read or written one member at a time
• The following code would output newStudent contents:
cout << newStudent.firstName << " " << newStudent.lastName
<< " " << newStudent.courseGrade
<< " " << newStudent.testScore
<< " " << newStudent.programmingScore
<< " " << newStudent.GPA << endl;
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struct Variables and Functions
• A struct variable can be passed as a parameter by value or by reference
• A function can return a value of type struct
• The following function displays the contents a struct variable of type
studentType:
void printStudent(studentType student)
{
cout << student.firstName << " " << student.lastName
<< " " << student.courseGrade
<< " " << student.testScore
<< " " << student.programmingScore
<< " " << student.GPA << endl;
}
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Arrays versus structs
TABLE 9-1 Arrays vs. structs
Data Type Array struct
Arithmetic No No
Assignment No Yes
Input/output No (except strings) No
Comparison No No
Parameter passing By reference only By value or by reference
Function returning a value No Yes
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Arrays in structs (1 of 3)
• Two items are associated with a list:
• Values (elements)
• Length of the list
• Define a struct containing both items:
const int ARRAY_SIZE = 1000;
struct listType
{
int listElem[ARRAY_SIZE]; //array containing the list
int listLength; //length of the list
};
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Arrays in structs (2 of 3)
FIGURE 9-5 struct variable intList
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Arrays in structs (3 of 3)
• Consider these statements and refer to the figure below showing the results
following execution of the statements:
intList.listLength = 0; //Line 1
intList.listElem[0] = 12; //Line 2
intList.listLength++; //Line 3
intList.listElem[1] = 37; //Line 4
intList.listLength++; //Line 5
FIGURE 9-6 intList
after the statements
in Lines 1 through 5
execute
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structs in Arrays (1 of 2)
• Example
struct employeeType
{
string firstName;
string lastName;
int personID;
string deptID;
double yearlySalary;
double monthlySalary
double yearToDatePaid;
double monthlyBonus;
};
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structs in Arrays (2 of 2)
employeeType employees[50]
• Declares the array employees of 50 components of type employeeType
FIGURE 9-7 Array of employees
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structs within a struct
FIGURE 9-8 struct variable
newEmployee
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Quick Review (1 of 2)
• A struct is a collection of a fixed number of components
• Components of a struct can be of different types
• Called members
• Accessed by name
• struct is a reserved word
• No memory is allocated for a struct
• Memory is allocated only when variables are declared
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Quick Review (2 of 2)
• In C++, the dot (.) operator is called the member access operator
• Used to access members of a struct
• The only built-in operations on a struct are the assignment and member
access operations
• Neither arithmetic nor relational operations are allowed on structs
• A struct can be passed by value or reference
• A function can return a value of type struct
• A struct can be a member of another struct
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