Difference between breathing and respiration

Respiratory mechanism is similar in all animals.

Breathing (Ventilation) Respiration

It is a physical process. It is a biochemical process.

It is simply an intake of fresh air and It involves exchange of gases and
removal of foul air. oxidation of food.
No energy is released rather used. Energy is released that is stored in ATP.

It occurs outside the cells, hence it is an It occurs inside the cells, hence it is an
extra-cellular process. intra-cellular process.
No enzymes are involved in the process A large number of enzymes are involved
in the process.
It is confined to certain organs only. It occurs in all living cells of the body.

Breathing mechanism varies in different Respiratory mechanism is similar in all

animals. animals.
1. DIRECT AND INDIRECT RESPIRATION

Direct respiration
(a) Direct exchange of gases in between body cells and respiratory medium.
(b) Diffusion, through moist body surface.
(c) Found in unicellular organisms like, aerobic bacteria, amoeba, sponges, hydra,
flatworm, roundworm etc.

Indirect respiration
(a) No direct contact in between the body cells and respiratory medium.
(b) Found in complex and higher form of organism.
(c) Respiratory organs.

e.g. Skin - Skin is respiratory organ in annelida and amphibians.

(i) Gills - Most of crustaceans, mollusca, all fishes and some amphibians the
exchange of gases in gills is called branchial respiration.
(ii) Lungs - Lungs is respiratory organ in snails, some amphibians, all reptiles,
birds and mammals.
(iii) Trachea - Trachea is respiratory organ in insects.
2. AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
(i) Presence of oxygen.
(ii) The oxygen completely oxidises the food to CO2 and H2O releasing large
amount of energy.
(iii) Such type of respiration (aerobic respiration) found in most animals and plants.

Phases of aerobic respiration

. (A) External respiration (B) Internal respiration

A. External respiration (i) Also called breathing or ventillation. (ii) Gaseous

exchange in between respiratory organ and outer environment. e.g. Exchange
of gases in between lungs and air.

B-Internal respiration (i) Also called tissue respiration. (ii) Exchange of oxygen of
blood and carbon dioxide of body cells through tissue fluid at the cellular level
(iii) Involves cellular respiration in which glucose is oxidised inside the
mitochondria of cell to produce H2O, CO2 and energy.

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
 RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE FOR THE EXCHANGE OF GASES IN
DUFFERENT GROUPS OF ANIMALS .

1. Protozoans ( e.g amoeba, paramecium) : Plasma membrane

2. Sponges (e.g. Sycon) : Cell’s plasma membrane

3. Cnidarians (e.g. Hydra): Body surface

4. Platyhelminthes i) Free living ( planaria): Body surface ii)

Parasites ( e.g. Tapeworm); No exchange of gases

5. Nemathelminthes i) Free living (e.g. Rhabditis): Body surface ii)

Parasites ( e.g. Ascaris) : No exchange of gases

6. Annelids (e.g. Earthworm) : Skin ( cutaneous respiration )

7. Arthropods i) Prawn, crayfish : Gills (Branchial respiration) ii)
Insects, centipedes, millipedes, ticks: Tracheae ( Tracheal
respiration) iii) Scorpions, Spiders : Book lungs iv) King crab
(Limulus) Book gills

8. Molluscs i) Unio : Two ctenidia (gills) ii) Pila : One ctenidium (gill)
and one pulmonary sac (lung)

9. Echinoderms (e.g. starfish) : Dermal branchae, tube feet.

10.Hemichordata (e.g. Balanoglossuse); Pharyngeal wall.

11.Chordata i) Urochordata (e.g. Herdmania): Pharyngeal wall ii)

Cephalochordata (e.g. Branchiostoma) : Pharyngeal wall iii)
Vertebrata a) Cyclostomes, fish : gills b) Amphibians : Skin, lungs,
buccopharyngeal lining. c) Reptiles, birds mammals : Lungs.
Nostril
(i) It is also called external nare.
(ii) It is oval aperture of nose present at the lower end.

Note : Presence of two nares is called dirhynous stage.

Nasal chamber
Nasal septum (made of Hyaline cartilage) divides nasal cavity into
two nasal chamber by the nasal septum.

Each nasal chamber can be divided into three regions.

(i) Vestibular part : It is smaller and anterior part, and is lined by
hairy skin which acts as filter and prevents entry of dust
particles.

(ii) Respiratory part : It is middle part and is lined by pseudo-

stratified epithelium which acts as air conditioner and brings
the inspired air at the body temperature.

(iii)Olfactory part : It is upper part of nasal chamber and is lined by

olfactory epithelium called schneiderian membrane.

It looks yellowish brown, This region acts as an organ of smell.

Three bony ridges the superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae
arises from the wall of each nasal chamber.

The nasal conchae increases the surface area of nasal chamber for
better air conditioning
Internal nares
There are posterior opening of nasal chambers that leads into
nasopharynx.

Pharynx

Comprises nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx.

The pharynx provides passage to both air and food.

Laryngopharynx

It is the lower part of pharynx and has a slit like aperature called
glottis, which can be closed by a leaf like bilobed cartilage epiglottis,
during swallowing of food bolus.
Larynx

(i) It is also called voice box or adam's apple or pomas adami.

(ii) After puberty it get more developed in males in comparison to

female, because of this very reason, males have deeper voice.

(iii) It is supported by four cartilage which prevent its collapsing

these cartilage are as follows.

1. Cricoid-1
2. Thyroid-1
3. Arytenoid-2
4. Cartilage of santorini-2
(i) Thyroid cartilage
It is single in number (Hyaline Cartilage).

It is largest size and c shaped cartilage which supports anterior and

lateral sides of upper part of the larynx

(ii) Cricoid cartilage

It is single in number. (Hyaline Cartilage)

It is some what smaller, thicker and a complete ring or collar like

cartilage around the larynx behind the thyroid cartilage.

It is broad dorsally and narrow ventrally.

(iii) Arytenoid cartilage
These are two pyramid shaped cartilage.(Hyaline cartilage)

It is smallest cartilage which support posterior wall of upper part of

larynx.

(iv) Cartilage of Santorini

Each arytenoid terminates in front in a Swollen knob called the

cartilage of santorini.(Elastin Cartilage)
Vocal cords
In larynx, 2 pairs of vocal cord is found outer pair is false vocal cord whereas,
inner pair is true vocal cord when air is forced through the larynx it cause
vibration of true vocal cards and sound is produced.
The pitch of the sound is determined by the tension of vocal cards, the greater
the tension the higher the pitch.

Vocal cards are modified mucous folds of larynx.

Note :
(i) Sound get converted into speech by Tongue. Movement of Tounge is
controlled by Speech centre of the brain.
(ii) Speech centre is not well developed in dumb persons.
(iii) Voice of rabbit is called Quacking.
(iv) False vocal cord remain absent in Elephant.
(v) True vocal cord remain absent in Hippopotamus.
(vi) Voice apparatus of birds is called syrinx.
Trachea (Wind pipe)
It is long, tubular structure which runs downward through the neck in front of
oesophagus.

It is supported by 16-20 dorsally incomplete C-shaped cartilagenous tracheal ring,

which prevents its collapsing.

It is lined by pseudostartified ciliated epithelium with mucous secreting goblet cells.

Primary bronchi
These are one pair of small thin walled tubular structure formed by the division of
trachea at the level of 5th thoracic vertebrae near the heart.

The right bronchus (2.5 cm) is wider shorter and more vertically placed then the left
bronchus.

Like trachea primary bronchi is supported by cartilaginous rings.

Each primary bronchus enters the lungs of its own side.

Bronchial tree (B.T.) & Respiratory Tree (R.T.)

•When trachea enter into thoracic cavity, it divides in two branches called as
primary bronchus.

•Branches of Primary bonchus upto terminal bronchioles makes bronchial tree .

•Terminal bronchioles divide to form respiratory bronchioles & branches of

respiratory broncholes makes respiratory tree .

•In branchile tree, cartilage rings are present, while these are absent in respiratory
tree.

•Gaseous exchange occurs in respiratory tree while it is absent in bronchial tree.

•Volume of air which is filled in B.T. is a part of dead space volume.

•which doesnít take a part in gaseous exhange. (150 ml)

Lungs

Position

Lungs are present in thoracic cavity on either side of heart.

Pleural membranes
••Each lung is enclosed with double membrane pleural membrane.
••The outer membrane is called parietal pleura.
•Whereas inner membrane is known as visceral pleura.
••In between two pleural membranes, hollow space is found which
is called pleural cavity.
••Pleural cavity is filled with watery fluid called pleural fluid. Pleural
fuild is secreted by pleural membrane.
Pleural fluid perform three function which are as follows-

(a) It allows free frictionless movement of lungs.

(b) It protects the lungs from mechanical shock.
(c) It prevents pleural membrane from sticking together.

Note :

Accumulation of fluid between the pleura is called pleural effusion

or pleuricy.

It happens because of bacterial infection and the person feel

difficulty in breathing due to the increased intrapleural pressure
External structure of lungs

•The lungs are spongy, soft, pinkish elastic organs.

•The most upper portion of each lungs is called the apex and the
most lower portion is called the base.

•Right lung is slightly larger and broader in size.

•Each lung is a lobulated structure and is divided externally into the

lobes by transverse and oblique grooves called fissures.
Lobes of lungs

(A) Lobes of lungs in man

(i) Left lung is 2 lobed, upper superior lobe, and lower inferior lobe.
(575 gm)
(ii) Right lung is 3 lobed; upper superior lobe, middle lobe and lower
inferior lobe. It is demarcated by transverse
and oblique fissures. (625 gm)

(B) Lobes of lungs in rabbit

(i) Right lung is 4 lobed, the right lobes are anterior and posterior
azygous medianwards and right anterior and
right posterior lobes outwards.
(ii) Left lung is 2 lobed upper anterior and lower posterior lobe.
Alveoli :

Each lobe is further divided into several lobules by septas of

connective tissue.

Each lobule is further divided into several airsacs ; and in the end,
each air-sac is lastly divided into 3 or 4 alveolis ; which are also
termed as the units of lungs.

Sturctural & functional unit of lungs is called alveoli.

Approximately 300 million alveoli are present in Both lungs. Inner

(Alveolar) surface area of both lungs is approximately 100 m2.

Wall of alveoli consists of two layers, outer layer is composed of

yellow fibrous
C.T. Inner layer is composed of Simple Squamous Epithelium
–squamous cells are called as pneumocytes.

–Most help in gasesous exhanges while few pneumocytes which are

larger in size (type II pneumocyte) secrete LECITHIN (Phospholipid)
this acts as surfactant which prevents alveoli from remaining
collapse by reducing its surface tension.

Alveolis internal surface is termed as the Respiratory surface.

It is derived from the endoderm of the embryo.

Rest whole lung is mesodernal. The middle part of alveoli wall is
made up of connective tissue.

It is richly supplied with blood capillaries, a dense network of blood

capillaries is found in alveoli.
DIAPHRAGM

It is a membranous musculo – tendinous partition between thorax and abdomen.

Normally it is convex with convexity towards thorax.

MUSCLES
Phrenic muscles attach diaphragm to ribs and vertebral column. Contraction of
muscles straighten the diaphragm to increase thoracic cavity

Intercoastal muscles: There are

i) External intercoastal
ii) Internal intercoastal
iii) External oblique
iv) Internal oblique muscles

Abdominal muscles: Relaxation allows compression of abdominal organs when

diaphragm straightens. Contraction presses the abdominal viscera against
diaphragm to bulge it more upwardly ( for expiration).
MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION OR BREATHING

INSPIRATION

(i) It is a process by which fresh air enters the lungs, the intercostal muscles,
diaphragm, and abdominal muscles play an important role.

(ii) During inspiration, diaphragm becomes flat and gets lowered by the
contraction of its radial muscle fibres, This increases vertical diameter of
Thoracic cavity.

(iii) Due to contraction of external intercostal muscles, ribs and sterum are pulled
upward and outward and it also result in increase of transverse diameter of
thoracic cavity.

(iv) Due to increase in both diameters of thoracic cavity, intrapleural pressure falls
causing decompression of lungs so lungs expand due to elastic recoil and air
pressure within lungs decrease. The greater pressure outside the body now
causes air to flow rapidly into lungs.
EXPIRATION

(i) It is a process by which the foul air (carbon dioxide) is expelled out from the
lungs.

(ii) It is passive process

(iii) During expiration muscles fibres of the diaphragm relax, so diaphragm

becomes convex towards thoracic cavity, it results in decrease vertical diameter of
thoracic cavity.

(iv) Due to relaxation of external intercostal muscles, ribs and sternum return back
to their original position and this also results in decrease in transverse diameter of
thoracic cavity.

(v) Due to decrease in both diameter of thoracic cage, intrapleural pressure

increases, lungs are now compressed so pressure within lungs increase, the
greater pressure within lungs force foul air from lungs to outside of
body.