Claudia

Unit I.
Odette J.
Nature of
Ayala, PhD
Inquiry
and Dean, College of
Arts and Sciences
Research Manuel S. Enverga
University
Lucena City
 EXPECTED OUTCOMES
The learner should be able to:
 share research experiences and knowledge;
 explain the importance of research in daily life;
 describe characteristics, processes, and ethics of
research;
 differentiate quantitative from qualitative
research; and
 provide examples of research in areas of interest
(arts, humanities, sports, science, business,
agriculture and fisheries, information and
communication technology, and social inquiry).
SERENDIPITY...
SERENDIPITY…

Chance discovery.
SERENDIPITY...
• post it notes
• chocolate chip cookies
• microwave oven
• inkjet printers
unplanned & unexpected
discoveries
SERENDIPITY...

a prepared and open mind is required on the part

of the researcher to detect the importance of
information revealed accidentally.
SERENDIPITY and RESEARCH

serendipitous discoveries are of

significant value in the
advancement of research and
often present the foundation for
important intellectual leaps of
understanding
 WHAT IS INQUIRY?
 the act of looking for information to answer a
question
 a process by which you obtain knowledge
about people, things, places, or events
 investigating or asking questions about
something
 collecting facts and data to find answers or
solutions to a problem
 WHAT IS INQUIRY?
 active learning as new knowledge are
developed
 a cooperative process as it requires
establishing rapport with members of the
community to obtain information
 a problem solving technique as it provides
solutions or answers to a specific problem
 WHAT IS RESEARCH?

The word research derives from the

French recherche, from rechercher, to
search closely where "chercher" means
"to search"; its literal meaning is 'to
investigate thoroughly.
 WHAT IS RESEARCH?

Research = INVESTIGATION
What is research…
Research = diligent
systematic
careful
thorough
INVESTIGATION
What is research?

A procedure by which one

attempts to find systematically,
and with the support of
demonstrable fact, the answer
to a question or the resolution
of a problem
Research is a systematic, formal,
rigorous, and precise process
employed to gain solutions to
problems and/or to discover and
interpret new facts and
relationships (Waltz & Bausell,
1981).
Research is a careful, diligent and
exhaustive investigation of a
specific matter, having as its aim
the advancement of mankind’s
knowledge (Manheim, 1977).

It is a systematic quest for

undiscovered truth (Leedy, 1974).
Research is the process of
looking for a specific answer
to a specific question in an
organized, objective, reliable
way (Payton, 1979, p.4).
 Research is…
a systematic investigation to find
answers to problems (Burns, 1994).
a structured inquiry that utilizes
acceptable scientific methodology
to solve problems and create new
knowledge that is generally
applicable (Grinnel, 1993).
Research is systematic, controlled,
empirical and critical investigation of
natural phenomena guided by theory
and hypotheses about the presumed
relations among such phenomena
(Kerlinger, 1986).
 Inquiry Research
to look for to discover truths
information by asking by investigating on
various questions your chosen topic
about the thing you
scientifically
are curious about
GROUP WORK
Form a group of 6-8 members. Simulate any of the
following activities to demonstrate your ability to ask
probing questions:
1. Panel discussion on one hottest issue is town
2. Role playing on criminal investigation being
conducted by police authorities on a criminal
case
3. Employment interview conducted by an HR
personnel in a company
4. Medical interview to diagnose the illness of a
patient
Purposes of research

 To develop or discover new

knowledge
 To test and refine theories
 To solve specific problems
Benefits of research to
students
1. Develops ability to work independently
2. Enables to work scientifically or systematically
3. Provides in-depth knowledge of something
4. Elevates mental abilities through higher-order
thinking strategies (HOTS) of inferring, evaluating,
synthesizing, appreciating, applying, and creating.
5. Improves reading and writing skills.
6. Familiarizes with the basic tools of research and the
various techniques of gathering data and of presenting
research findings.
7. Develops critical thinking.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
Systematic – methodical/procedural
Objective – based on facts or data
Empirical – based on direct experience or
observation
Logical – based on valid procedures and
principles
Cyclical – starts with a problem and ends
with a problem
Analytical – utilizes procedures
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH

 Critical – exhibits careful and precise judgment

 Accurate - gives correct or accurate data, which the
footnotes, notes, and bibliographical entries should
honestly and appropriately document or acknowledge
 Timely - works on a topic that is fresh, new, and
interesting
 Relevant - instrumental in improving society or in
solving problems
 Replicable – results can be compared
 THE RESEARCH PROCESS
Generating ideas

Building a theoretical/conceptual framework

Research Design
Translation of research questions into research variables
Choosing appropriate sampling and data collection methods
Choosing appropriate analysis method
Deciding on a time frame and budget
Writing the research proposal

Management of the Research Process

Preparation
Funding issues
Ethical issues
Data management
People management

Evaluating and reporting the results

 Research Process

Impact Daily
assessment evaluation
EVALUATION PHASE
Writing of
Collect data Analyze data
report
IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
Write
Choose topic Review Litt What method? proposal

PLANNING PHASE
ETHICS IN RESEARCH
Ethics (or morals) - rules for distinguishing between
right and wrong, such as the Golden Rule ("Do unto
others as you would have them do unto you")
- a code of professional conduct like the Hippocratic
Oath ("First of all, do no harm")
- a religious creed like the Ten Commandments ("Thou
Shalt not kill...")
- norms for conduct that distinguish between
acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
 Ethical Considerations

 Voluntary participation - requires an

informed consent so that participants are
fully informed about the procedures and risks
involved in research and give their consent to
participate.
 Freedom from risk of harm - researchers
should not put participants in a situation
where they might be at risk as a result of their
participation (physical and psychological)
 Ethical Considerations

 Confidentiality - identifying information will

not be made available to anyone who is not
directly involved in the study (principle
of anonymity, guarantee of privacy).
 Person's right to service - use of a no-
treatment control group -- a group of
participants who do not get the treatment or
program that is being studied; rights to equal
access to services are being curtailed
Ethical Principles

 Honesty
 Objectivity
 Integrity
 Carefulness
 Respect for Intellectual Property
 Confidentiality
 Responsible Publication
 Social Responsibility
 Animal Care
 Human Subjects Protection
Types of Research
According to the data being collected

1. Quantitative – objective
 involves measuring data (traits,
characteristics, or attributes of things)
 represents research findings referring to
the number or frequency of something
in numerical forms (i.e., using
percentages, fractions, numbers)
Types of Research
According to the data being collected
2. Qualitative – subjective
 involves the meanings, concepts, definitions,
characteristics, metaphors, symbols, and description
of things
 requires non-numerical data, which means the use
of words rather than numbers to express the
results, the inquiry or the investigations about
people’s thought, beliefs, feelings, views, and
lifestyles regarding the object of the study
 answers are not measurable so verbal language is
used to express findings
 According to purpose
1. Basic or pure research – concerned with generating
new knowledge
2. Applied research – concerned with improving a
product or process, testing theoretical concepts in
actual problem situation
3. Action research – focused on the immediate
application, focuses on ongoing practice of a school,
organization, community, or institutions for the
purpose of obtaining results that will bring
improvements in the system.
 According to purpose
3. Descriptive research- aims at defining or giving
a verbal portrayal or picture of a person, thing,
event, group, situation, etc.
4. Correlational research - shows relationships or
connectedness of two factors, circumstances or
agents called variables that affect the research
5. Explanatory research - finds out how
reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research
study on a certain topic
According to procedure

1. Historical research – describes what

was
2. Descriptive research – describes what
is
3. Experimental research – describes
what will be
Quantitative Research
Designs
 Experimental research – concerned
with cause-effect relationships
 Exploratory – when little is known
about the phenomenon
 Descriptive – phenomena are
described or the relationship between
variables is examined
 Explanatory - search for causal
explanations are much more rigorous
 Quantitative Research
Designs
 Survey studies - the investigator selects a sample of subjects
and administer a questionnaire or conducts interviews to
collect the data
 Correlational studies - assess relationships between two or
more phenomena, usually involves a statistical measure of
the degree of relationship called correlation
 Comparative studies
Retrospective or ex post facto – the dependent variable
(effect) is identified in the present
Prospective – the independent variable (cause) is
identified
 Qualitative Research Designs

 Ethnographic studies – involve the collection and

analysis of data about cultural groups; making
sense of the world to identify lifeways or
patterns
 Phenomenological studies – examine human
experiences through the description of people
involved; to describe the meaning that
experiences hold for each subject
 Qualitative research designs

 Grounded theory studies – data are collected

and analyzed and then a theory is developed;
uses both inductive and deductive approach
 Historical studies – concern the identification,
location, evaluation, and synthesis of data
from the past
 Case studies – in-depth examinations of
people or groups of people or institution
(content analysis)
APPROACHES TO RESEARCH
• scientific or positive approach - measures information as
well as observe and control variables in an impersonal
manner; allows control of variables

• naturalistic approach – uses words. This research approach

directs you to deal with qualitative data that speak of how
people behave toward their surroundings.

• triangulation approach - combines the scientific and

naturalistic approaches; gathering and analyzing data using
multiple or mixed methods; gives opportunity to view every
angle of the research from different perspective
Thank you!