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Lec 2 - E Field

The document discusses electric fields and Gauss's law. It defines the electric field as the force per unit charge exerted on a test charge. The direction of the electric field at a point is tangent to the electric field lines at that point. Electric field lines do not cross and originate from positive charges and terminate at negative charges. The electric field due to a point charge is calculated. Several examples are also given to demonstrate calculating electric fields between charged plates and for charged objects like dipoles and wires.

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ishac kaya
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90 views

Lec 2 - E Field

The document discusses electric fields and Gauss's law. It defines the electric field as the force per unit charge exerted on a test charge. The direction of the electric field at a point is tangent to the electric field lines at that point. Electric field lines do not cross and originate from positive charges and terminate at negative charges. The electric field due to a point charge is calculated. Several examples are also given to demonstrate calculating electric fields between charged plates and for charged objects like dipoles and wires.

Uploaded by

ishac kaya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE ELECTRIC FIELD & GAUSS’S LAW

Electric Field

E field is said to exist all around a point charge and is


represented in the form of curved lines with arrowhead
pointing in a particular direction.

• Direction of E field at any point in the field is given by a


tangent, drawn at that point in the direction of arrow.

A
B C

+̀ E Field lines
E Field Contd
• Since force is a vector quantity, so is the E field. We can define
the E field or E field intensity at a point as the E force per unit
charge (test charge)
i.e. E = Fe / q/
or Fe = E q/
Force on +ve Charge
+
• Fe = k q q / / r2
• Divide by q / - + Direction of E Field

• Fe= k q / r2 NC-1 Force on -ve Charge

• The force on a positive charge is in the direction of the E field.


• The force on negative charge (electron) is in a direction
opposite to that of E field.
Characteristics of E Field Lines
• Direction of E field at any point on the E line of force is that
of the tangent at that point.

• No field lines originate in the space or terminate in space.


These originate from the positive charge and terminate at
the negative charge.

• Arrow head on the field line indicates the direction in which


the tangent is to be drawn.

• E field intensity at a point can be found by using the


principle of superposition
Field Lines, Contd
• At any point, the resultant E field can have only one
direction, hence only one field line can pass through each
point of the E field.

• It is customary to limit the number of lines for clarity.


However, more lines are drawn where E field is stronger.

• Field lines DO NOT overlap or cross each other.

• Field lines when spaced uniformly and have the same


direction, they give rise to uniform E field.
Example 1
• What is the electric field 30 cm from a charge q = 4 x 10-9?

+q q/
• 400NC-1 0.3 m

• Example 2

• In an ionized HE++ atom, nucleus and both the electrons


are separated by 26.5 pm(pico meter). Find E field at the
location of electrons (4.1 x 1012 NC-1)
Example 2
• When the terminals of a 100 V battery are connected to two
large parallel plates 1 cm apart, the field in the region
between plates is very nearly uniform and its magnitude is
104 N C-1. suppose the direction of E is vertically upward
compute the force on an electron in this field and compare
it with the weight of the electron.(1.8 x 1014)
----------------------------------
e
1 cm
+++++++++++++++++++++++

» Fe= e E =1.6 x 10-15N

» Fg= W = mg = 8.9 x 10-30N


Example 3
• In example 2 electron is released form rest. What speed it
will acquire while travelling 1 cm. find its KE and the time
required as it reaches the lower plate

----------------------------------
e
1 cm

+++++++++++++++++++++++

» a = F / m = 1.8 x 1015 ms-2

» Vf = √ 2as = 6.0 x 106 ms-1

» t = Vf/ a =3.3ns K = ½ m v2 = 1.6 x 10-17 j


Example 4
• If the electron in example 2 is projected into the field with a
horizontal velocity Vo. Find the equation of its trajectory.
Length x
----------------------------------
1 cm
e
+++++++++++++++++++++++

Vo
e

F= -eE
• S = Vi +(1/2) at2,

Vi in vertical direction = 0

S’ is along Y axis can be rep by Y

Y = (1/2) a t2 ( a = 0 in x dir, in Y dir a = - eE / m)

Y = - (eE / m) t2 t = x / vo

Y = - (eE / mVo2) x2

• This is equation of parabola


Example 5
• Figure represents two point charges of equal magnitude ‘q’ but of
opposite sign , separated by distance l. such a pair of charges is
called an electric dipole. Dipole is in a uniform e field which makes an
angle θ with the line joining the two charge, called the dipole axis. A
force F1 equal to qE, in the direction of the field, is exerted on the
positive charge, and a force F2 of the same magnitude but in the
opposite direction, is exerted on the negative charge. Since the two
forces have different line of action they constitute a couple.
The moment of the couple is
τ= (q E )(l sin θ)
q F1 = qE
+
(a) θ
l E
F2 = qE l sin θ
-q p and E are Parallel
F2 q q F1
(b)
- p
+
E
E Field Due to no of Point Charges
Example 1
• Point charges q1 and q2 of + 12 x 10-9 C and –12 x 10-9 C,
respectively, are placed 0.1 m apart, as in fig25-5. compute
the electric fields due to these charges at points a, b & c.
Example 2
• A ring shaped conductor of radius ‘a’ carries a total charge
Q. Find the electric field at a point

– Distance ‘x’ from centre

– Along line perpendicular to the plane of the ring

– Through its centre


Example 3
• E Field due to Long charged wire. In fig a long thin wire of
length L along the z-axis, electric charge per unit length of
λ. We wish to find the electric field caused by this charge at
point P, a distance ‘y’ from the mid point of the wire as
shown. z axis

+
+
+
+
dE
O+ y
dEz
+
+ z θ
P dEy
+ r y axis
+
x axis +
• dq = λdz,

• E fd at dist r from it dE = k λ dz / y2+ z2

• dEy = dE cos θ = k λy dz /( y2+ z2 )3/2

• as cos θ = y/( y2+ z2 )1/2

• dEy components additive same dir, dEz component


cancel out ,ifsimilar seg on upper side is taken

• E fd

• sf

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