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Dipole Moment presentationSIKANDAR-1

This document summarizes a seminar on determining the dipole moment of nitrobenzene using the solution method. It discusses how the dipole moment of a polar molecule in liquid form can be determined by studying how the dielectric constant varies with concentration in a mixture of polar and non-polar liquids. It presents the formula used and describes measuring the dielectric constants of solutions with varying mole fractions of nitrobenzene in benzene. A graph is shown of the dielectric constant increasing with mole fraction. The dipole moment of nitrobenzene is calculated to be 5.42 ± 0.05 Debye based on the results.

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570 views13 pages

Dipole Moment presentationSIKANDAR-1

This document summarizes a seminar on determining the dipole moment of nitrobenzene using the solution method. It discusses how the dipole moment of a polar molecule in liquid form can be determined by studying how the dielectric constant varies with concentration in a mixture of polar and non-polar liquids. It presents the formula used and describes measuring the dielectric constants of solutions with varying mole fractions of nitrobenzene in benzene. A graph is shown of the dielectric constant increasing with mole fraction. The dipole moment of nitrobenzene is calculated to be 5.42 ± 0.05 Debye based on the results.

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Dev
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© © All Rights Reserved
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DDU GORAKHPUR

UNIVERSITY GORAKHPUR

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
SEMINAR ON

DIPOLE MOMENT
 Under the Guidance of

Dr. APARA TRIPATHI


Presented by DEEPAK KUMAR GUPTA
MSc(Physics)Second-sem 2018-2019
p=q.d
Objective
Determination of dipole moment of nitro
benzene by the solution method
Dipole moment of polar molecule in liquid form can be
determined by solution method by studying the concentration
variation of dielectric constant of polar and non polar mixture.
This dipole moment of the mixture correspond to the value of
dipole moment in gaseous masses ,since in this case the strong
dipole-dipole interactions is small due to very low
concentration of polar and non polar molecules.

Applied formula
The dipole moment of solution is given by –
Where,β=A constant for solvent µ=βa½ with ε12=ε1+af2
a=A constant obtained from approximate plot of ε12 and f2
ε12&ε1= Dielectric constant of solution and solvent resp.
f2=Mole fraction of solute in solution
Theory AND PrincipIes
Dipole moment of a molecule is closely related to its
molecular structure –
The origin of dipole moment with the development of wave
mechanical energy is based on following factors-
a) The asymmetry of charge in the bonding electrons
arising from the electro negativity difference between
two atoms concerned.
b) The homo polar dipole arising from the unequal size of
two atoms bounded.
c) The asymmetry of atomic orbital involved in the
band.
Solution-
Solvent Solute
Benzene Nitrobenzene
C6H5NO2
C6H6

+
Non-Polar solvent Polar solute
Q-meter
Q-meter is the instrument which is designed to measure some of the
electrical properties of coils and capacitors by measuring the Q-
value (measure of sharpness)of an L-C-R circuit .
Construction-
It has following parts-
1)A frequency calibrated continuous-
-ly variable RF oscillator.
2)A calibrated variable capacitor C.
3) VTVM calibrated to read Q directly,
4) A thermo millimeter.
The L,C and R are tuned in series such that they are
parallel to standard resistance r. This apparatus is used to give a
precise value of the capacity of dielectric cell.
Dielectric material-
A dielectric is a substances in which all the electrons are tightly
bound to the nuclei of the atom i.e. no free electrons are available
to carry the current. Thus substances which do not permit the
passage of electric charge are called dielectrics. Example- glass,
plastics, quartz, mica, etc.

The capacity of a dielectric cell can be evaluated by knowing the change


in capacity when the cell is with and without the liquid provided the
dielectric constant(ε) in liquid is known.
The dielectric constant of dielectric materials is defined by,
ε=C/C 0

Where ,
C and C0 are the capacitance of the co-axial cylinder type dielectric
cell with and without dielectric material respectively.
The increase ΔC in the capacity of the cell after inserting
dielectric materials between its plate will be –
ΔC=C-C0
ΔC=εC0-C0 =(ε-1)C0
ε=1+(ΔC/C0)

# We use Benzene as standard liquid for evaluating the value of


C0, once the value of C0 is known ,the dielectric constant of
any substance can be determined with above relation knowing
the corresponding change of ΔC.
Result &Discussion
Variation of dielectric constant ε12 of solution with mole
fraction f2 of nitro benzene -

The dipole moment of nitro benzene by solution


method is given by –
µ = (5.42±0.05) Debye
THANK YOU

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