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Presentation 1

farhan mukhtiar

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Farhan Mukhtiar Yousafzai
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23 views35 pages

Presentation 1

farhan mukhtiar

Uploaded by

Farhan Mukhtiar Yousafzai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Groups Name

 Fazal-e-Subhan
 Shabir Ahmad Khan
 Hamza Khan
Topics
 Function Of Reinforcement.
 Structure Concrete Elements.
 Resisting Tensions Compression.
 Shrinkage Cracking.
Function Of Reinforcement

 A reinforcement schedule states a rule for


obtainingreinforcement as a function of
behavior actually emitted and perhaps as
a function of additional variables.
These functions are here called
“feedbackfunctions.” Behavior actually
emitted is, in turn, afunction of
obtained reinforcement.
Types Of Reinforcement
 Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule.
 Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule.
 Variable-Ratio (VR) schedule.
 Variable-Interval (VI) schedule.
I:Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule.
II:Fixed Interval (FI)
Schedule.
III:Variable-Ratio (VR)
schedule.
iv:Variable-Interval (VI)
schedule.
2) Structure Concrete
Elements.
 It is a fact that the construction industry is the main
consumer of energy and materials in most countries.
The pursuit of sustainable development, defined in
the Brundtland Report 1987 as “development that
meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs”, has become a major issue
when trying to meet the challenges in providing
proper housing for the ever-increasing world
population. To increase the amount of information
concerning bamboo several successful research
programs have been carried out since 1979 at PUC-
Rio and in Brazil.
 Vegetable fibres can be used either alone or as
reinforcement in different types of matrices such as
soil and cement composites. This paper presents the
results of some of the recent studies of the
microstructure of bamboo as a functionally gradient
material. These studies led to the establishment of
bamboo’s composite behaviour through the rule of
mix. A concise summary regarding bamboo
reinforced concrete beams, permanent shutter
concrete slabs and columns is discussed. Finally,
some recommendations for future studies are
proposed with the hope that the newly developed
material could contribute, on a large scale, to
sustainable development without harming our globe.
Types Of Concrete
 Modern Concrete. Most commonly, regular
concrete is created by mixing Portland
cement with both an aggregate and water-
chemical mixtures. .
Stamped Concrete.
 Stamped
concrete is concrete that is
patterned and/or textured or
embossed to resemble brick,
slate, flagstone, stone, tile,
wood, and various other
patterns and
textures. Stamped
concrete is commonly used
for patios, sidewalks,
driveways, pool decks, and
interior flooring.
Self-Consolidating Concrete. .

 Self-consolidating
concrete or self-
compacting concrete
is a concrete mix
which has a low yield
stress, high
deformability, good
segregation
resistance, and
moderate viscosity
Shotcrete.
 Shotcrete, gunite
/ˈɡʌnaɪt/ or sprayed
concrete is concrete or
mortar conveyed
through a hose and
pneumatically projected
at high velocity onto a
surface, as a
construction technique,
first used in 1914. It is
typically reinforced by
conventional steel rods,
steel mesh, or fibers.
Limecrete
Limecrete is a mix of natural
hydraulic lime (NHL5) and sharp
sand. Sometimes glass fibres are
mixed in to give a more durable
surface. Test have shown that
physical characteristics in terms
of compression strength are
more than adequate to
meet Building
Regulations requirements, and
products from companies such
as Eco Lime, Tŷ Mawr
Lime and The Limecrete
Company have Local Authority
Building Control (LABC)
approval.
3) Resisting Tensions
Compression.
 A tension force is one that pulls materials
apart. A compression force is one that
squeezes material together. Some materials
are better able to withstand compression,
some are better able to resist tension, and
others are good to use when
both compression and tension are present
Tension, Compression and
 Bending
Applied forces are forces, such as a push or a pull, that act on
the outside of an object. The ability for an object to resist
these externally applied forces and remain static (not
moving or breaking) is the result of an objects internal
structure to resist these forces and in some cases external
anchoring to a larger body. Three basic types of internal
forces or stresses that keep a structure static are
compression, tension and bending. Large structures such as
towers, cranes and bridges are composed of many small
internal structural members. These small internal structural
members are primarily designed to translate loads into
compression and tension and try to avoid bending. This is
because bending generally uses more material (costing
more) than tension or compression for a similar load and
length.
Procedure.
 Using an 1/8" x 1/8" x 12" piece of balsa wood, conceptually test tension,
compression and bending as shown in the diagrams above.
 Tension: Place both hands on each end of the piece and pull. DO NOT
BREAK THE PIECE.
 Compression: Place both hands on each end of the piece and push until
the wood bows. DO NOT BREAK THE PIECE.
 Bending: Place the piece over an 11.5" span and push down in the middle
until the piece bends. DO NOT BREAK THE PIECE.
 Record your observations.
 Lookup the formal definition of tension, compression and bending in an
encyclopedia or engineering mechanics book.
 Sketch several common objects in your classroom or school. Label the kinds
of stresses that may occur in each part when loads are applied for proper
use.
 Answer the questions in the lab.
4) Shrinkage Cracking.

 Shrinkage cracks in
concrete occur due to
change in moisture of
concrete. ... They
expand when they
absorb the moisture
and shrink when they
dry. This is the main
cause of
concrete shrinkage
cracks on drying.
Types of Shrinkage in Concrete

 There are two types of


shrinkage in concrete:
1 Initial Shrinkage
2 Plastic Shrinkage
1)Initial Shrinkage Cracks in
Concrete
 Initial shrinkage cracks in concrete
normally occurs in all building
materials or components that are
cement/lime based such as concrete,
mortar, masonry units, masonry and
plaster etc. and is one of the main
cause of cracking in structure.
Extent of Initial Shrinkage in
Concrete
 The extent of initial shrinkage in cement
concrete and cement mortar depends on a
number of factors namely :
 a) Cement content –It increases with
richness of mix
 b) Water content – Greater the water
quantity used in the mix, greater is the
shrinkage
 c) Maximum size, grading & quality of aggregate –
With use of largest possible max. size of aggregate in
concrete and with good grading, requirement of
water for desired workability is reduced, with
consequent less shrinkage on drying due to reduction
in porosity. E.g., for the same cement aggregate
ratio, shrinkage of sand mortar is 2 to 3 times that of
concrete using 20 mm maximum size aggregate and
3 to 4 times that of concrete using 40 mm maximum
size aggregate
 d) Curing –if the proper curing is carried out as soon
as initial set has taken place and is continued for at
least 7 to 10 days then the initial shrinkage is
comparatively less. When the hardening of concrete
takes place under moist environment there is initially
some expansion which offsets a part of subsequent
shrinkage.
 e) Presence of excessive fines in aggregates –
The presence of fines increases specific surface
area of aggregate & consequently the water
requirement for the desire workability, with
increase in initial shrinkage.
 f) Chemical composition of cement – Shrinkage is
less for the cement having greater proportion of
tri-calcium silicate and lower proportion of alkalis
i.e. rapid hardening cement has greater shrinkage
than ordinary port-land cement
2)Plastic Shrinkage Cracks in
Concrete
 Plastic shrinkage in concrete occurs
immediately after concrete has been placed
due to settlement of large solid particles by
gravity action. Due to this, water in the
concrete rises to the surface. This process is
also called bleeding of concrete. Bleeding in
concrete continues till the layer of water on
the surface of concrete has set.
 As long as the rate
of evaporation is
lower than the rate
of bleeding, there
is a continuous
layer of water at
the surface known
as “water sheen”,
and shrinkage
does not occur.
 When the concrete surface loses
water faster than the bleeding
action bring it to the top, shrinkage
of top layer takes place, and since
the concrete in plastic state can’t
resist any tension, cracks develops
on the surface. These cracks are
common in slabs.

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