MODULE 3

GLOBAL NETWORKS

Prepared by:
MS. ERNA D. ROSARIO, RGC, LPT
NETWORK is a particular type of
relation that links certain sets of people,
events or subjects.
 GLOBAL NETWORKS
 It covers interrelations of people, services, and
institutions beyond the local, domestic, or national
borders and instead the span of the whole world.

 The networks are characterized by actors composed

of people, governments, and institutions or firms
sharing common interests and exchanging and
interacting with one another.
 GLOBALIZATION
 It comes from the word “globalize” which refers
to the rise of global networks of economic
system.

 It is a process involving the interconnections,

diffusion, and exchange of goods (production),
services (technology), ideas (communication), and
people.
 Different Forms of Globalization
(Paul James, 2014)
1. Embodied Globalization, which 3. Object-Extended Globalization,
refers to the movement or migration which involves the mobility of goods,
of people. and other object of exchange such as
machinery, money, and food items.

2. Agency-extended Globalization, 4. Disembodied Globalization,

which deals with the dispersion and which covers the diffusion of ideas,
exchange of agents or knowledge and information such as
representatives of various the dos and don’ts of dating,
institutions and organizations. Confucian philosophy, and good
study habits around the world.
 GLOBALIZATION
 The process of globalization is said to have begun
thousands of years but attained its modern form
in the 19th century as a consequence of the
Industrial Revolution when dramatic advances in
transportation and communication occurred.
 DIMENSION OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Economic Globalization
2. Sociocultural Globalization
3. Political Globalization
4. Natural Environment
Globalization
E  This refers primarily to international business which covers all

C contracts and negotiations concerning sales, investments,

mobilization, and related transactions undertaken by two or

O
more regions, countries and nations.

N  These negotiations involve economic resources, including

human power and capital necessary for the production of goods
O for global consumption and maintenance of services such as
banking, insurance, engineering, construction, information

M technology, and other profitable ventures.

I  The forerunners of economic globalization are the

multinational companies (MNSs) or transnational companies
C which have branches in two or more countries.
E  VEHICLE MANUFACTURER

C
O
N
O
M
I
C
E  FAST-FOOD CHAINS

C
O
N
O
M
I
C
E  FUEL COMPANIES

C
O
N
O
M
I
C
E  BEVERAGE COMPANIES

C
O
N
O
M
I
C
S
O  Cultural globalization refers to the spread of ideas,
values, and meanings across countries, broadening and
C increasing social relations. It paves the way for the
I creation of shared norms as well as broader and deeper
O knowledge of other cultural identities.
C
U Elements: Religion, language, cuisine, fashion, music and
dance, and other pop culture
L
T
People develop their taste and preference for food,
U architectural designs, clothing, body accessories, and sports
R that they encounter with other countries
A
L
S
O  Korean Pop Culture
C
I
O
C
U
L
T
U
R
A
L
S
O  Chinese beliefs, practices and other cultural elements
C
I
O
C
U
L
T
U
R
A
L
S
O
C
 Social globalization, the second component,
I
covers the spread of beliefs, practices and issues
O concerning population growth, media,
C urbanization, tourism, education and sports that
U also drive nations, institutions, and governments
L to expand social relations.
T
U
R
A
L
S
O
C  High population growth has been the concern of the
world because it affects the pace and quality of
I development, food prices and supply, natural
O resources, energy supply, and health of the global
community.
C
U
L
 Scientist John Beddington (2009) forecasted that a
T “perfect storm” scenario of problems would occur in
U 2030 due to soaring population, food shortages, and
R depleting energy source.
A
L
S
O
C
I  Urbanization, or the establishment,
O development, and enhancement of
socioeconomic and political facilities and
C services, has resulted in grave difference
U between the city and countryside in terms of
availability of social services, employment
L opportunities, educational alternatives, and
recreational facilities.
T
U
R
A
L
S  An increased migration rate is likewise observable at
the international level.
O
C
 One of the major concerns of this is global
I health, which refers to the health condition of
O the global population that goes beyond the concerns
of individual nations.
C
U  Global Health Institutions:
L World Health Organization (WHO)
T United Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
U World Food Programme (WFP)
R United Nations University-International Institute
A for Global Health (UNU-IIGH)
L
S
Students studying in  Among the preferred destination
O 
of students are:
colleges and universities
C outside their own countries United States
I have increased. From over Canada
O 2.5 million students Germany
C recorded in 2009, the United Kingdom
United Nations educational, France
U Scientific and Cultural The Netherlands
L Organization (UNESCO) has Spain
T forecast that the number of Australia
U international students by New Zealand
the year 2020 will be 7
R million.
South Korea
A
L
P
O
L  This involves institutions, public policies, and
I practices that cut across national borders to
facilitate international agreements and
T transactions.
I
C
A
L
P
O  Nongovernmental organization have taken a more
active role in influencing public policy beyond
L national borders. Women’s groups have held global
for a to demand equal rights for women, including
I China and India.

T
 International foundations are now engaged in
I supporting or conducting activities that benefit many
countries. One example is the Bill and Melinda Gates
C foundation that funds immunization of some world’s
poorest population.
A
L
N
A
T
 These concerns the environment where the interaction of
U living species takes place.
R
A
L  Many environmental problems such as water and air
pollution, overconsumption of fish and other marine
E resources need a global approach in their solutions.
N
V
I  The World Wildlife fund (WWF) has been
R supporting environment and wildlife protection.
O
N
M
E
N
T
 EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
A new vehicle of globalization and the fastest as that, has
appeared.

The INTERNET, a product of globalization plays a key role in

connecting people and integrating economies, and cultures
and is limited by national boundaries.

It offers individuals access to enormous amount of

information and data available only to governments and big
companies in the past.
 Globalizationhas spread and affected
many areas of the daily lives of
families, and the Internet is, in many
instances, a conduit to this
permeation. How? Consider the
following scenarios:
The father is in the living room watching live
streaming of news on his laptop. The news reports
are about the King of Saudi Arabia passing away; a
weeklong riot occurring in Mexico; prices of stocks
in South Korea spiking upward; and Katy Perry’s
concert tour in Southeast Asia starting in Thailand
with a bang.
The mother comes out of the kitchen , bringing with
her a bowl of meal based from a Vietnamese recipe
she learned from an app on her smartphone. She
bought the ingredients in the nearby grocery: some
of the ingredients were raised locally while some
were imported. Before everyone eats dinner, she
takes a picture and posts it online using a photo-
sharing app.
The older sister and her colleagues have decided to
take a vacation in Cambodia. She uses her credit
card to book a flight to and from Cambodia over the
Web site of an airline company. The next thing she
does is search for a comfortable and affordable
accommodation.
The older brother, a college student, has been assigned to
report on the development strategies of Singapore. He is at
home doing research about the economic, political, and
social measures that the leadership in Singapore
implemented to make the country highly advanced despite
lacking natural resources. Aside from his library search, he
knows googles the phrase “Singapore economic
development” and sorts out what sites he needs to read. The
next thing he does is prepare and rite his presentation using
a slide show program.
 The scenarios mentioned are just few that
show the impact of globalization in a domestic
setting.

 Allthese happen within the confines of the

home. Much time, money, and energy are
saved and can be utilized for other productive
activities.

 The speed of communication and transaction

among individuals and firms have become
faster with the aid of Internet.
 SEATWORK 1
What would your life be without
the Internet?
Enumerate five benefits it brings
to your life.
International Labor
Migration:
Changing Families,
Communities, and
Societies
 International Labor Migration refers to the
movement of a labor force from one country to
another.

 The labor force is composed of unskilled,

semiskilled, or professional workers. These
workers migrate from the sending (home) country
to the receiving (host) country, where demand for
a particular labor force exists.
 The migration of people in search for work, whether domestic
or international, has ever since been a common phenomenon.

 People of working age, especially those in need of

employment but are unable to find work in their locality or
home country, would search for places where work
opportunities are available.

 The search for employment abroad was boosted by national

governments, particularly in Southeast Asia, with their
adoption of a labor export policy in the late 1960s to 1970s.
The International Labor Organization (ILO)
estimates that there are about 232 million international
migrant workers and their families around the world present.
Studies on the ILM reveal its
multidimensional consequences on
the individuals, families, societies,
and economies. Urgel (2012)
mentioned some of the major
findings:
1. Evolution of new family and
household structures

 This concerns the formation of:

a) Traditional family- the members cohabit under one roof
b) Transnational family- composed of members related by blood,
live apart from one another but remain connected as one or
more of them live or work abroad. Usually, the children remain
in the country of origin while one or both parents are working
abroad.
 2. Utilization of modern technology to sustain
family bonds across time and space

 Another consequence is that activities are done with the aid of

modern information and communications technology (ICT).

Activities: long-distance parenting, sending gifts and remittances

Popularly used to bridge the distance between the migrant workers and
their families” e-mail, video chat, post mail, video cameras and mobile
phone
 These modern technologies “eliminate” or blur the
expansive space between family members, and make
a “presence” despite of the physical absence of the
parent.

 Moreover, the frequent gift-giving to compensate for

the migrant parents’ absence has contributed to the
development of materialism among their children.
Others view it as turning the parent-children
relationship with a price tag.
3. Reconfiguration of family
arrangements and roles
 With the proliferation of working women, especially those
abroad, the father takes over as the primary caregiver at
home.
 In the mother’s absence, grandparents, aunts, uncles and
other close relatives also take active roles in parenting.
 Redistribution, realignment, shifting of functions, and role
reversals are undertaken to cope with the absence of a
migrant family member, especially of the mother.
 An impact of this function and role rearrangement is the
existence of authority figures at home which sometimes
confuses the children as to whom to obey or listen to.
4. More political and economic empowerment
in the family and community for women

 For families with men as migrant workers, the

women attain added political and economic
strength.

 ROLE: caregiver, cook, and launderer, the wife

takes over some of the traditional tasks assigned
to the husband, including headship (ex. Paying
bills and taxes, supervising house repair)
 When a woman is working abroad. She becomes
economically and politically empowered through
her monthly remittances, the transfer of money
by a migrant worker to the home country.

 The women’s financial contribution enables her to

become a major decision maker, a show of
political power.

 Being the breadwinner in the family, she can

exert control over the allocation of funds and
family maintenance.
5. Proliferation of families with unstable
marriages and separated or divorced parents
 The long periods of living apart because of overseas
employment often lead to marital instability which
eventually may ruin the family.

 There exist documented cases of migrant men and women

having affairs or establishing new families in their host
countries. Separation brings emotional suffering in the
family, especially if mistrust has developed in a couple.

 Studies show that higher incidence of divorce occurs

among migrant household than among non migrant
household.
6. Culture Migration

 Nowadays, young men and women express their

desire to work abroad when opportunity knocks.
They choose to leave home and leave
independently abroad regardless of the risks.

 Students are encouraged to take college or

vocational courses that are in demand in the
international labor market, namely, caregiving,
architecture, teaching, engineering, and nursing.
 Aside form the mentioned social consequences of ILM,
economic impacts are likewise observed: (Ex. OFWs are
able to send their children to better school, OFWs can set
aside some amount for investment and insurance)

 Other criticism against ILM is the continuing phenomenon

of brain drain, the movement or migration of skilled
and educated labor force of a country.

 Brain drain results in the home country’s loss of

skilled and educated labor force whose services are
imperative and valuable in the pursuit of development.
 ASSIGNMENT (Written Work-notebook)
 Watch the movie A Mother’s story (2011) or Anak (2000)
which is about a story of a parent who needs to work
abroad for their families. Then answer the following
questions:
1. What does the story convey to you? (5 points)
2. Point out the adjustments or changes that transpired in
the family, both in the parents and the children, as a
consequence of ILM and globalization. (10 points)
3. If you were one of the children, would you have acted
similarly as in the movie? Why or Why not? (5 points)
Locating the OFWS
 In the Philippines, OFWs were considered as “modern-
day” heroes.

 By finding employment abroad, OFWS contribute in

addressing the unemployment problem in the country as
the number of the unemployed population in the country
is reduced.

 The opportunities overseas make life more comfortable

for thousands of Filipino families.
 In 2013 and as in previous years, Saudi Arabia recorded the
highest number of OFWs followed by Hongkong. Male workers
are needed in the construction industries in Saudi Arabia,
while female workers are employed in domestic work in Hong
Kong.

 In 2014, the highest number of OFWs hailed from Luzon.

Laborers and unskilled workers topped the list of jobs
overseas, followed by service workers in shops and markets,
then workers in trading and related works.

 Professionals such as lawyer, medical specialists, engineers,

and architects composed a small number of OFWs in 2013-
2014.
 Based on the statistics of the Philippine Overseas
Employment Administration (POEA), the top there
occupational categories among the land-based
workers in 2012-2014 were household service
workers; professional nurses; waiters, bartenders;
and caregivers, caretakers, and cleaners.

 Among the sea-based workers, the top occupations

were seaman and cook.
 Reflect Upon
(Group Work)
Are you ready to take the risks of
working abroad in the pursuit of a
better life for you and your family?
Why or Why not?
Cooperation and Collaboration as
Keys to Better Interrelations
 Collaboration is working together toward a common
end or goal by actors (people, nations, industries, and
institutions) who are not necessary allies.

*In collaboration, the actors set aside their differences and

focus on their mutual interest which is the attainment of
common goals.
 Cooperation is jointly working in pursuit of a common
end or goal by actors who consider themselves as friends.

 In Southeast Asia, the longest existing vehicle for regional

cooperation in the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN). Founded in 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, ASEAN is now
comprised of 10 member countries.

 It pursues the holistic goal of the social, economic,

political, and environmental development of the region.
ASSIGNMENT

 Visit https://asean.org/
 Choose one article related to ASEAN political
security community, ASEAN economic community
or ASEAN sociocultural community
 Print the chosen article, read and write an insights
about it (100 words)
 Use short bond paper
 International Division of Labor

 It involves the distribution of the production task of

MNCs in various locations in and out of their home
countries.

 Enhanced ICT plays a central role in this network. It

facilitates the speedy dispersion of resources and
services.
 Take the case of Samsung Electronics.

Samsung is the largest chaebol typically owned by a family

dynasty in South Korea. It has 144 subsidiaries located in North
America, China, Southeast Asia, Middle East, and South America.

Its main products are mobile phones, television sets, and

appliances, some of the components of which are manufactured,
assembled, or serviced by subsidiaries, affiliates, or service
centers outside South Korea.

Samsung plants in China, the Philippines and Thailand produce

different electronic parts. Samsung also established research
centers in various regions of the world.
 In Europe, the Samsung Electronics Research Institute
conducts studies on mobile phones and digital software; in
the Middle East , the Samsung Telecom Research Israel
researches on Hebrew software for mobile phones; in the
U.S., The InfoSystems America conducts research on
strategic components and core technologies. Samsung
India Software Center undertakes studies on graphic
designs, software platform, and application design.
 Another example is Toyota Motor Corporation.
 It produces a variety of cars to suit the different needs of
users.
 By the end of 2014, Toyota had establishes 54 overseas
manufacturing companies in 28 countries worldwide.
 Toyota vehicles are sold in 170 countries, including
Canada, China, Brazil, Mexico, France, Portugal, UK, and
US.
 Some of its global sites and facilities are found in
Southeast Asia.
 Toyota Motors established regional headquarters in the
U.S., Europe, and Asia, each with specific functions,
areas, and concerns to facilitate the operations of its
partners, affiliates and subsidiaries.
 Toyota’splant in Indonesia produces
Avanza, Innova and Fortuner; its plant in
Malaysia assembles Vios, Hilux Fortuner,
Innova and Hiace; its plant in the
Philippines assembles Corolla and Hilux; its
plant in Thailand generates engines and
propeller shafts; its plant in Vietnamn
produces Camry, Vios, Corolla, Innova,
Hiace, and Fortuner.
Contributions of the Various Parts to a Whole
 The subsidiaries, affiliates, partners, and regional
headquarters of Samsung Electronics and Toyota Motors are all
parts of a whole which is the entire operation and continuous
existence of each MNS.

 These parts have to function in accordance with the set of

conditions, rules, and standards of the company.

 Their functions and responsibilities are prescribed upon them

by the head office. They are likewise made aware of their
roles in the successful maintenance and unity of the whole
operation.
 S EATW O R K
Name at least two global
networks you know. How does
this global network affect the
country?