SUBMITTED BY;

KARISHMA SONOWAL
B.Sc 6th SEMESTER
ROLL: S-16225 No: 0122
REGISTRATION No: 230549 of 2016-17

GUIDED BY
PROF. ARUP Kr. DEKA
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
DARRANG COLLEGE
 Automobiles have been primary mode of transportation for most of us
and we depend on them for our day to day commute. Unfortunately
there are lots of mishaps that could occur while driving an automobile
and Brake Failure are one such case. Of course accidents cannot be
avoided sometimes but they can sure be prevented by taking some
preventive measures. In this project I will build a Circuit that can be
attached to our Vehicles which will monitor the brake of our vehicle and
provide us an audio visual feedback if the brake fails.
 Most economical vehicles depend on wire braking mechanism to
apply brakes on the vehicle. This mechanism involves a Brake wire which
runs from the brake level to the braking mechanism set-up of the
vehicle. It is this wire that gets pulled when we apply brakes to stop our
vehicle. After a long use and tear these wires might get worn out and get
at one point of time which eventually will cause a brake failure. So I build
a circuit that will monitor the continuity of this wire, the circuit will glow
a green colour LED if everything is fine, but is the wire fails the circuit
will blink a red colour LED also will beep a buzzer to alert the rider.
The main constituents parts of a Brake Failure indicator are:-
 Breadboard

 555 Timer IC

 BC557PNP Transistor

 Red and Green colour LED

 1uf and 0.1uf Capacitor

 1K and 440K Resistors

 Connecting wires

 Buzzer

 9V Battery and clips

 A breadboard is a solder less device for temporary prototype with
electronics and test circuit designs. Most electronic components in
electronic circuits can be interconnected by inserting their leads or
terminals into the holes and then making connections through wires
where appropriate. The breadboard has strips of metals underneath the
board and connects the holes on the top of the board. Note that the top
and bottom rows of holes are connected horizontally and split in the
middle while the remaining are connected vertically.

Figure 1: Image of a breadboard

 The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit used in a variety of timer, pulse
generation, and oscillator applications. The IC 555 has three operating modes: -
Astable, Monostable and Bistable. Here in this project the 555 Timer operates in
Astable mode to produce clock pulse. The Astable mode in a 555 Timer is mainly
used for blinking LEDs or to do specific Turn on and Turn off actions. In this project I
have configures the Timer to work with 0.3sec on time and 0.3sec off time. The pin
diagram of 555 Timer IC comprises of 8 pins:-
 PIN-8 is VCC+
 PIN-2 and PIN-6 is Trigger and Threshold
 PIN-4 and PIN-5is Resent and Control Voltage
 PIN-7 is Discharge
 PIN-3 is Output
 PIN-1 is GND Terminal.


Figure 2:- 555 Timer IC Figure 3:- Pin Configuration

 The BC557 transistor is a silicon PNP low power transistor used for both
amplifier and switching purposes. BC557 is a PNP transistor hence the
collector and emitter will be closed (Forward biased) when the base pin is
held at ground and will be opened (Reversed biased) when a signal is
provided to base pin. BC557 has a gain value of 110 to 800; this value
determines the amplification capacity of the transistor. The maximum
amount of current that could flow through the Collector pin is 100mA; hence
we cannot connect loads that consume more than 100mA using this
transistor.
BC557 Pin Configuration
 PIN-1(Collector):- Current flows in through the
collector.
 PIN-2(Base):- Controls the biasing of transistor.
 PIN-3(Emitter):- Current drains out through
emitter.
 A light emitting diode is a semiconductor diode that emits light when the
electric current is applied in the forward direction of the device, as in the
simple LED circuit. The effect is a form of electroluminescence where
incoherent and narrow spectrum light emitted from p-n junction. LED’s are
widely used as indicator lights on electronic devices and increasingly in
higher power applications such as flashlights and area light. The colour of
emitted light depends on the composition and condition of semiconductor
material used and infrared, visible, or ultraviolet. In brake failure indicator,
the LED is used for indication. When the brake is applied, the green LED
glows. If the brake fails, the red LED glows and the buzzer beep.

Figure 4: LED
 A Capacitor is a circuit that can store energy in the form of electric charge. Simple
capacitors consists of two plates made of metal and are separated by a non-
conducting material or dielectric. When the voltage is applied to the plates of a
capacitor, one plate becomes positive charged and the other negative. Increasingly
the area of the plates, decreasing their separation, or by changing the dielectric can
increase the capacity of the device for storing electric charge. To a certain extent,
capacitors are likely very leaky rechargeable batteries. In the brake failure indicator
the capacitors used are 1uf and 0.1uf capacitors

Figure 5:- Capacitors

 A resistor is a component that offers electrical resistance to the current flow in an
electrical circuit. It is this property that is used to limit the current to a specific value in
a circuit. The resistors are of different types. Some common types are carbon
composition resistors, carbon film resistors, metal film resistors, metal oxides
resistors and wire-wound resistors. In the brake failure indicator 1K and 44OK
resistors are used.

Figure 6:- Resistors

 A buzzer or beeper is a signalling device usually electronic. These devices are used
in automobiles, household appliances such as microwave oven. It consists of a
number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that determines if and
which button pushed or a present time has lapsed, sounds a warning in the form of
an intermitted buzzing or beeping sound. Buzzer or beeper is output transducers
converting electrical energy into sound.
In brake failure indicator, when the brake fails, the red LED blinks and the buzzer
start beeping.

Figure 7:- Buzzer

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 The circuit diagram for this brake failure indicator project is shown below:-
 The 555 Timer operates in Astable mode to produce clock pulse and the BC557 PNP
Transistor monitors the brake wire and decides which LED should glow. In this
project I have configures the Timer to work with 0.3sec on the time and 0.3sec off
time.
The BC557 PNP transistor controls the LEDs and buzzer. When the brake wire is in
proper condition the base of this transistor is provided with 5V through a current
limiting resistor (R4). This also drives the Green LED light and disconnects the
Buzzer and Red LED from ground thus keeping it turned off.
When the break wire is cut the base of the BC557 is also cut and thus the Green
LED is turned off and the Buzzer and Red LED are connected to ground. Since the
positive end of Buzzer and the LED is connected to the 3rd pin of 555 timers which is
wired in Astable mode operation, they blink/beep based on the duration set by above
calculation.
Once the connection is made power the circuit i.e. the brake wire is connected
across the +5V and base of BC557 through a resistor. If everything works as
expected the Green LED turned on and the Buzzer and Red light turned off. Now,
cut/remove the brake cable the Red LED and the buzzer should start flashing.
 OBJECTIVES:-
 The main objective of this project is to avoid accidents. The specific
objectives of this project were
 To save life.
 To avoid small number of accidents involving cars and boats caused by
brake failure.
 To indicate the failure of brake switch.
 It can control all moving units in the vehicle.
 To connect the audio visual indicator with brake switch.
 To identify whether the brake is working or not.

 ADVANTAGES:-
 This framework decides the exact position than the mechanical strategy.
 This framework lessens the weight of the upkeep.
 It disposes of the manual work.
 Highly exact and more effective.
 Compact and snappy reaction.
 RESULT:-
 Overall system was designed and tested by connecting the circuit to the power
supply. As the brake wire is in proper condition the Green LED glows. As we cut the
brake wire the system detects the brake failure. It activates the alarm i.e. the buzzer
and the Red LED starts blinking to alert the user.
 SCOPE:-
 The brake failure indicator circuit is designed for avoiding accidents due to
brake failure. If we can grasp the necessary force and the durability that brakes
require to stop tones of moving metal, we can understand how malfunctions can
occur. So many things can cause brake failure. Though the brake failure indicator is
applicable it has so many limitations.
 The circuit will work only in vehicles with negative grounding.
 It is very unusual for a vehicle to suffer total failure of the braking system.
 Though it has so many limitations, this equipment is very effective to detect brake
failure and it will find great scope in future.
 Though the world is getting modernized, we have to face so many
problems. One such problem is accidents. One of the things that everyone
tried to avoid is while travelling is accidents, and sometimes it is inevitable.
Brake failure indicator circuit is a circuit that constantly monitors the
condition of brake. It aware the user the chance of a brake failure by
monitoring the brake switch and reminds you of the condition of brake every
time when the brake is applied.
 The brake failure indicator circuit is combination of various products
like LED, buzzer, 555 timer IC, etc and it is capable to avoid accidents. This
is the major benefit of this project. Since it works automatically, it is very
easy to use.