WORKSHOP

CALCULATION
1
 Module : Fabrication calculation
Faculty : Course co-ordinators ( DRM, CPP, SIS )
Demonstrator: Workmen from Shops
Duration : Maximum 16 Hours
Participants : Max. 06 / Module (Workmen from shops)
No. Topics Time
1 Introduction to SRMs. 30 Min.
2 Pre test 30 Min.
3 Classroom training 6.0 Hrs.
4 Demonstration 3.0 Hrs.
5 Practical 3.0 Hrs.
6 Skill test 2.0 Hrs.
7 Post test and feed back 1.0 Hrs.
2
 Unit : 1 Module : Workshop Calculation

Topics Time

 Introduction and induction test 10 examples 1.0 hr

 Units of length, Area, Volume, Weight, 1.0 hr
Temperature and Pressure
 Pythagoras theorem and demonstration 0.5 hr
 Trigonometric functions & demo. 0.5 hr
 Practice examples = 10 1.0 hr

3
 MODULE : WORKSHOP
CALCULATION
UNIT : 2
Weight calculation and weld deposition

 weight with demonstration 2hours

 WEP calculation, 1:3 and 1:5 taper 1 hour

calculation

 Practice examples = 10 nos. 1 hour

4
 MODULE : WORKSHOP CALCULATION
UNIT : 3

Measure tape error correction and circumference

calculation = with demonstration (1 hour)
Orientation marking ( 0.5 hour )
Offset and kink, web and flange tilt, flange unbalance
calculation (1 hour)
Arc length and chord length calculation for web
layout= with demonstration ( 0.5 hour )
Practice examples = 10 nos. (1 hour)

5
 MODULE : WORKSHOP CALCULATION

UNIT : 4
 Tank rotator location calculation and sling angle for handling a
job calculation ( 0.5hour )
 Machining allowance calculation for overlay and machining
allowance for bracket calculation (0.5 hour)
 Marking PCD and holes for flange calculation = with demonstration
( 0.5 hour)
 Practice examples = 5 Nos. (0.5hour)
 Test => theory = 10 questions
 Practical= 4 questions ( 2 hours )

6
 Unit : 1 Module : Workshop Calculation

Topics Time

 Introduction and induction test 10 examples 1.0 hr

 Units of length, Area, Volume, Weight , 1.0 hr
Temperature and Pressure
 Pythagoras theorem and demonstration 0.5 hr
 Trigonometric functions demonstration 0.5 hr
 Practice 10 examples 1.0 hr

7
Introduction to Units ( Pressure)
PRESSURE CONVERSION
1 Kg / cm² = 14 . 223 psi ( Lb / In² )
1 Kg / cm² = 0 . 9807 Bar.
1 PSI = 0.07031 Kg / cm²

Introduction to Units (Length)

1m = 100 cm
1cm = 10 mm
1m = 1000 mm
1in. = 25.4 mm

Introduction to Units (Weight)

1 kg = 2.204 lbs
8
 Introduction to Units ( Temperature)
Temperature unit = degree centigrade
or
degree Fahrenheit

°C = 5/9(°F- 32)

If Temp. Is 100°F, Then °C=5/9( 100-32)

So, °C=37.7

If Preheat Temperature Is 150 °C, Then °F=302

9
 PYTHAGORAS PRINCIPLE APPLICATION
A
Pythagoras Principle :
In Any Right Angled Triangle the Square of
Sum of Adjacent Sides Is Always Equal to
the Square of Hypotenuse .
B C
LET US SAY  ABC is right angle triangle .
AB and BC = Adjacent sides and AC = Hypotenuse.
So based on pythagoras theory ,

AB² + BC² = AC²

10
PYTHAGORAS PRINCIPLE APPLICATION

Example : A

5
3

B 4 C
Proof of P. theory in triangle ABC
AB = 3 , BC = 4 and AC = 5
SO AC² = AB² + BC²
= 3² + 4 ² = 25
so, AC = 5
11
 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
A
Trigonometric functions are used to solve
the problems of different types of triangle.
ø
B C We will see some simple formulas to solve
right angle triangle which we are using in
day to day work.

Let us consider  ABC is a “right angled

triangle”, Angle ABC = ø , AB & BC are sides of
triangle. So for this triangle.

12
 TRIGONOMETRY
A

SIN ø = Opposite Side =

Hypoteneous AB
Hypoteneous AC
Opposite
Side
COS ø = Adjacent Side = BC
Hypoteneous AC
ø
B C
Adjacent Side

TAN ø = Opposite Side = AB

Adjacent Side BC

13
 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Example : For triangle ABC find out value of  and .

A


25 mm
We Will Find Value Of  By “Tan” Formula. So ,

Tan  = Opposite Side / Adjacent Side

= AB / BC = 25/25 =1

Tan  = 1 B 25 mm C
  = Inv. Tan(1) = 45º

Now, We Will Find AC By Using “Sin” Formula.

Sin  = Opposite Side /Hypotenuse

= AB / AC
 AC = AB / Sin  = 25 / Sin45 =25 / 0.7071 = 35.3556mm 14
 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Example: We will Find Value Of  By “Cos” Formula.
A


25 mm


B 25 mm C

Cos  = Adjacent Side / Hypotenuse

= AB / AC = 25 / 35.3556
= 0.7071
  = Inv Cos (0.7071) = 45º 15
 TRIGONOMETRY
Example: FIND OUT ANGLE ‘ Ø ’ OF TRIANGLE ABC.

A AB
SIN ø = OPPOSITE SIDE =
HYPOTENEOUS AC

= 30
OPPOSITE HYPOTENEOUS 50
SIDE
50
= 0.60
30
ø = SIN VALUE OF 0.60
ø ø = 36° - 52’
B C
ADJACENT SIDE

16
 FIND OUT SIDE ‘ø ’ OF A TRIANGLE
Example:
A TAN ø = OPPOSITE SIDE = AB
ADJACENT SIDE BC

TAN 36° = 20
OPPOSITE HYPOTENEOUS
SIDE
BC
• 20
20 • • BC = TAN VALUE OF 36°
36° • 20
B C • • BC = 0.727
?
ADJACENT SIDE
•
• • BC = 27. 51 mm

17
 AREA
Definition : A surface covered by specific
Shape is called area of that shape.
i.e. area of square,circle etc.

1. Square : Area Of Square = L X L = L²

L
Where L = Length Of Side

L
So If L = 5cm
Then Area = 5 X 5 = 25cm²
18
 AREA
2. Rectangle: Area Of Rectangle = L X B
B
Where, L = Length
B = Width L
If L= 10 mm, And B = 6 mm
Then, Area = 10 X 6 = 60mm²

3. Circle :
Area Of Circle =  / 4 x D² D
Where D= Diameter Of The Circle

Area Of Half Circle = /8 x D²

D

Same way we can find out area of quarter of circle19

 AREA

3 . Circle : Hollow Circle =  x (D² - d²)

4 d

WHERE D = Diameter of Greater Circle

d = Diameter of Smaller Circle D

Sector Of Circle= xD²xØ

Ø
4 x 360

D
20
 AREA

4. Triangle : H

Area Of Triangle = ½ B x H
Where B = Base Of Triangle
B
H = Height Of Triangle

5. Cylinder :
D H
Surface area of Cylinder
=xDxH
Where H = Height Of Cylinder
D = Diameter Of Cylinder
21
 VOLUME
Defination : A space covered by any object is called
volume of that object.

1. Square block : In square block; length,

width and height are equal, L
so L
Volume Of Sq. Block = L X L X L = L³
L
2. Rectangular Block :

Volume= L X B X H
Where H
B
L = Length
L
B = Width 22
H = Height
 VOLUME

H
4.Prism or Triangle Block :
L
Volume of Triangular Block B
= Cross Section Area of Triangle x Length

( Area of Right Angle Triangle = ½ B H )

Volume = ½ B H X L Where
B = Base of R.A.Triangle
H = Height of R.A.Triangle
L = Length of R.A.Triangle
23
 VOLUME

3. Cylinder :

Volume of Cylinder = Cross Section Area x Length of

Cylinder
Volume= ¼D² X H

D
Where : H

D = Diameter Of The Cylinder

H = Length Of Cylinder

24
 CG CALCULATION

CG
m TAN LINE

DIA

CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF D’ENDS ( CG )

(1) HEMISPHERICAL ( m ) = 0.2878  DIA

(2) 2:1 ELLIPSOIDALS ( m ) = 0.1439  DIA
(3) TORI - SPHERICAL ( m ) = 0.1000  DIA

25
 MODULE : WORKSHOP
CALCULATION
UNIT : 2

 Weight calculation and weld deposition weight =

with demonstration 2hours

 WEP calculation, 1:3 and 1:5 taper calculation 1

hour

 Practice examples = 10 nos. 1 hour

35
 WEIGHT CALCULATION

Examples :

Weight calculation of different items:

• Rectangular plate
• Circular plate
• Circular plate with cutout
• Circular sector
• Shell coursce

Specific gravity for

(i) C.S.= 7.86 g/cm3
(ii) S.S.=8.00 g/cm3
36
 WEIGHT CALCULATION

Examples :
1. Rectangular plate :

CM
Weight of This Plate 3.5 CM

0
10
= Volume X Sp.Gravity 200 CM
= L X B X H X 7.86gm / CC
Here L = 200cm, B = Width = 100cm And H = Thk = 3.5 cm
So Volume = 200 X 100 X 3.5 cm³
= 70000 cm³
Now Weight Of Plate = Volume X Sp .Gravity
= 70000 X 7.86 gm/cc
= 546000 gms
37
= 546 kgs
 WEIGHT CALCULATION

Examples :

2. CIRCULAR PLATE :
300 cm
Weight= V X Sp. Gravity
Volume V= Cross Section Area X Thk
= ¼D² X 4cm Thk = 4cm

= ¼ x 300² X 4cm
= 282743.33 cm³
So W = V X sp.Gravity
= 282743.33 X 7.86 gms/cc
= 2222362.5738 gms
= 2222.362 kgs
38
 WEIGHT CALCULATION
Examples :
Circular sector : r1

r2
Weight of Circular Plate Segment :
W = Volume X Sp.Gravty.
Now Volume = Cross Sec.Area X Thk
=  X ( R1² - R2²) X Ø X 2 cm R1 = 400 cm
360 R2 = 350 cm
=  X (400² - 350²) X 120 X 2 THK = 2cm
360  = 120º
= 78539.81 cm³
Now Weight = V X Sp .Gravity
= 78539.81 X 7.86 gms/cc
= 617322.95 gms
39
= 617.323 kgs
 WEIGHT CALCULATION
Examples : 00 cm
3
Shell :
W = V X Sp.Gravity
V= ¼  X ( OD² - ID² ) X Length 400 cm
Here OD = 400 + 10 = 410cm
ID = 400cm
Length = 300cm
5cm
So V = ¼ X ( 410² - 400² ) X 300cm
= 1908517.54cm³
Now Weight
W = V X Sp. Gravity
= 1908517.54 X 7.86 = 15000947gms
40
= 15000.947kgs = @ 15 Ton
 WEP CALCULATION
SINGLE 'V'
A B In given figure, to find out
Distance, we will use
q= 60
98 Trigonometric formula.
100 Tan Q / 2 = AB / BC
C 2
Here AB = ?, BC = 98, Q / 2 = 30º
3
 Tan 30 = AB / 98
 AB = Tan30  98 = 0.577  98
= 56.54 mm
41
 WEP CALCULATION
Double ‘V’

For double v also we can calculate distance by

q = 45

THK =60
40 same trigonometric formula. Double v are of
2 two types:
18 1. Equal v
Æ = 60
3 2. 2/3 rd &1/3 rd.
T joint
• In t joint also by tan formula
we can find WEP dimensions:
40THK
= = AC = 20 , q = 50 , AB = ?
B
q= 50 TAN q = AB / AC
C
AB = 20 x TAN 50
A
AB = 23.83
42
 WEP CALCULATION
COMPOUND 'V'
Æ= 10

56

q= 45 THK=70

12

R.F.= 2

R.G.= 3

In such kind of compound “V”, we always do

machining to take care of all calculation.
As shown by dotted line, we can calculate WEP
dimensions by sine or tangent formula.
43
 WELD METAL WEIGHT CALCULATION

Weld metal weight =

Cross section area of particular WEP x

length / circumference of seam x density

Basically weld metal weight calculation involves

Calculation of volume, trigonometry and

Weight calculation.

44
 WELD METAL WEIGHT CALCULATION

Basic fundamentals of weld metal weight Calculation

1.Single v for long seam and circseam

• Long seam weld weight

= Cross section area x length of seam x density
• Circ. seam weld weight
`= Cross section area x mean circ. of seam x density

45
 WELD METAL WEIGHT CALCULATION

3 1 Now A1 = 2/3 x H x Bead Width

 =60º  A1 = 2/3 x 0.3 x 6 cm² = 1.2 cm²
3 2

50
4

Now A2 =A3
3
2
A2 = 1/2 x B x h = 0.5 x B x 4.7 cm²
Here B= 47 Tan30º =2.713cm
1.Crossection Area Of Joint  A2 = 0.5 x 2.713 x 4.7 Cm²
A = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 = 6.38 Cm²
A3 = 6.38 Cm²
Now A = 1.2 + 6.38 + 6.38 + 0.94 cm²
A = 14.9cm² A4 =0.2 * 4.7 cm²

46
 WELD METAL WEIGHT CALCULATION

For long seam weld weight

= Cross section area x Length of seam x density
= 14.9cm² x 100cm x 7.86gm/cm³
= 11711.4gms = 11.712kgs for 1 mtr long seam
For circ. seam
= Cross section area x Mean circ. x Density
For Circ. seam having OD = 4000 mm and Thk. = 50 mm
Weld Weight = 14.9cm² X 1272.3 cm X 7.86 gms/cc
= 149009gms = 149.009kgs.
47
 TAPER
 WheneverCALCULATIONS
a Butt joint is to be made between two
plates of different thickness, a taper is generally
provided on thicker plate to avoid mainly stress
concentration.

1:3 Taper x

40 60

Thickness Difference = 60 - 40 = 20mm.

X = 20 x 3 = 60mm.
Instead of 1:3 taper, if 1: 5 Taper is required;
X = 20 x 5 = 100 mm. 48
 MODULE : WORKSHOP CALCULATION
UNIT : 3
 Measure tape error correction and circumference
calculation = with demonstration (1 hour)
 Orientation marking ( 0.5 hour )
 Offset and kink, web and flange tilt, flange
unbalance calculation (1 hour)
 Arc length and chord length calculation for web
layout= with demonstration ( 0.5 hour )
 Practice examples = 10 nos. (1 hour)

49
 USE OF CALIBRATION TAPE

How to refer calibration report?

Consider total error for calculation.
Standard error & relative error are for
calibration purpose only.
How to use calibration report?
Marking - Add the error. (Mad)
Measuring - Subtract the error (Mes)
During calculation, always put error value in brackets.

50
 USE OF CALIBRATION TAPE.
Example: Cut 1meter long bulbar

Tape-01 Tape 02
Total error at 1m (+1) Total error at 1m (-1)
Marking of 1 m (add the error)
1000mm+(+1)mm 1000mm+(-1)mm
Marking at 1001mm Marking at 999mm
measure the length(subtract the error)
Length found 1001mm Length found 999mm
1001-(+1)mm 999-(-1)mm
1000mm actual length 1000mm actual length
51
Tape 01 (+1 mm error)

Bulb bar

Marking 1000+(+1) mm
Measuring 1001- (+1) mm error
Actual 1000 mm

52
Tape 02 (-1 mm error)

Bulb bar

Marking 1000+(-1) mm
Measuring 999 - (-1) mm error
Actual 1000 mm

53
 CIRCUMFERENCE CALCULATION
Circumference = Pie x Diameter of job
If I/D is known and O/S circ. Is required then,
Circumference = Pie x ( I/D + 2 x thick )
Here Pie value is very important.
Which is the correct value of pie?
22/7
3.14
3.1415926 (Direct from calculator/ computer)

54
 CIRCUMFERENCE CALCULATION

Example 1 : O/S Dia of the job is 10000mm, calculate O/S

circumference.
1) 10000mm x 22/7 = 31428.571mm
2) 10000mm x 3.14 = 31400.00mm
3) 10000mm x 3.1415926 = 31415.926mm

55
 CIRCUMFERENCE CALCULATION

Example 2 : Internal T-frame o/d - 9998mm

Shell thickness - 34mm ,Root gap - 0.5mm
Calculate shell o/s circumference.
Shell o/d = T - fr o/d 9998mm + root gap
(0.5mm x 2) + thickness (34 x 2mm)
= 10067mm
Circumference = Pie x 10067mm
If pie = 3.1415926 then circ. = 31626.4mm
If Pie = 22/7 then circ. = 31639.14mm
If Pie = 3.14 then circ. = 31610.38mm
56
 OFFSET CALCULATION
Thickness difference measured from I/s or o/s on joining
edges is called offset. offset

Tolerance as per P-1402

0.1T but <= 2mm for web & <= 3mm for flange
Say T = 34 mm than, Offset = 0.1 x 34mm = 3.4mm
But max. 3mm allowed as mentioned above.
If by mistake 0.1% T considered than,
0.1 x 34/100 = 0.034 mm offset which is wrong.
57
 OFFSET CALCULATION
How to measure offset & kink ?
Here A = D
Offset = B - C
Kink = ( A - B or C - D )
D
which ever is max.
Kink is nothing but
C
peak-in/ peak-out
B

58
 OFFSET CALCULATION

How to measure offset& kink in case of thickness

difference?
Here A = D
Offset = B - C D
Kink = ( A - B or C - D )
which ever is max. C
Kink is nothing but B
peak-in/ peak-out
A

59
 ORIENTATION MARKING

Start orientation in following steps.

• Measure circumference.

• Check long seam orientation from drawing.

• Find out arc length for long seam from 0 degree.

• Arc length = (circ./360 ) x Orientation.

Always take all digits of orientation given in drawing.

60
 ORIENTATION MARKING

Example : O/s circ.= 25300mm

L/s orientation = 75.162 degree
Find out arc length for 75.167
Arc length for l/s = ( 25300/360 ) x 75.1 = 5277.86mm
= ( 25300/360 ) x 75.16 = 5282.07mm
= ( 25300/360 ) x 75.167 = 5282.56mm

61
 TOLERANCES

Always read the drawing carefully to interpret tolerance

correctly.
(1) Pre-tilt of web :
For 101 mm to 150 mm frame height --
0.025H but  3mm
Example:

H = 120mm then, pre tilt = 0.025 x 120 = 3mm

62
 TOLERANCES

How to check Pre tilt of web :[ X-Y ] = pre tilt

Y X

63
 TOLERANCES

(2) Flange pre tilt : <= 3mm

[ X-Y ] = Pre tilt

64
 TOLERANCES
(4) Out of circularity (OOC) :
0.2 % R ( R-theoretical radius of PRB )
Example : R = 4000mm OOC = 0.2 x 4000/100
= 8mm
(5) Flange position w.r.t web :
(Flange unbalance) :+/- 1mm
[ X - Y ] = 2mm
X

Y
65
Example:
l l = ARC / LENGTH
a = AREA OF SEGMENT
c = CHORD LENGTH
h
a q = ANGLE

C r = RADIUS
h = HEIGHT BETWEEN CHORD TO ARC

q r

(1) c= 2 h ( 2 r - h )
(5) l = 0.01745 r  q

(6) q = 57. 296  l

( 2 ) a = 1/2 [ rl - c ( r - h ) ] r

(3) h = r - 1/2  4 r 2 - C2 ( 7 ) h = r [ 1 - COS ( q / 2 ) ]

(4)r = c2+4h2 66
8h
 CHORD LENGTH

A C B
60 R

Example :
Web segment size - 600
Inside radius R - 4000mm
Sine 30 = CB/4000mm
1/2 chord length CB = 0.5 x 4000mm
= 2000mm
67
Full chord length = 4000mm
 MODULE : WORKSHOP CALCULATION

UNIT : 4
 Tank rotator location calculation and sling angle for handling a
job calculation ( 0.5hour )
 Machining allowance calculation for overlay and machining
allowance for bracket calculation (0.5 hour)
 Marking PCD and holes for flange calculation = with demonstration
( 0.5 hour)
 Practice examples = 5 Nos. (0.5hour)
 Test => theory = 10 questions
 Practical= 4 questions ( 2 hours )

78
 PYTHAGORAS PRINCIPLE APPLICATION
Trimming height calculation in hemispherical D’end
For matching OD / ID of D’end to shell OD / ID we have to do actual
Marking on D’end for trimming height
We can find out trimming height by
Pythagoras theory
As shown in figure, we can have
Following dimension before E D
Marking trimming A
AB = Radius of D’end. Based on act B
Circumference at that end T.L
AC = CD = D’end I/S Radius as per
C
DRG. from T.L
BC = Straight face or height from T.L TO D’end. edge
ED = D’end radius calculated from its matching part’s
Circumference
BE = Trimming height req to maintain for req circumference of 79
Matching part circumference
 PYTHAGORAS PRINCIPLE APPLICATION

Example :
AB = 1500mm
AC = CD = 1510mm
BC = 173.5mm E D
ED = 1495mm A
BE = ? B
T.L
Based on Pythagoras theory C
In triangle CED CE² + ED² = CD²
 CE² = CD² - ED² = 1510 ² - 1495²
 CE = 212.3mm
Now CE = CB + BE
 BE = CE - CB = 212.3 - 173.5
80
= 38.8mm
 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Tank rotator rollers dist. Calculation

As shown in figure we can find out
Two things :
1. Angle  between two rollers
2. Dist. Between two roller for A

specific diameter of shell . 

We will check it one by one. 

For safe working, angle  Should D

C B
be between 45- 60º

81
 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Tank rotator rollers dist calculation
1. Angle  between 2 roller: As shown in figure
BC = Half of the dist between two rollers A
AD = Shell o/s radius
DC = Roller radius

So we can get above dimensions from DRG and
Actual dist from tank rotator D
Now as per sine formula Sin /2 = BC/ AC
AC = AD + DC ( Shell OD + Roller DIA ) C B
Sin /2 = BC / (AD +DC)
Now If We Take BC = 1500 mm, AD = 2000mm AND DC = 400 mm
Then Sin  /2 = 1500 / (2000 + 400 ) = 1500 / 2400 = 0.625
Sin  /2 = 0.625   /2 = INV Sin 0.625 = 38.68º
82
  = 2  38.68º = 77.36º
 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Tank rotator rollers dist calculation : A
2.Roller dist. By deciding angle
Between two roller
If We Keep Roller Angle = 75º 
AD = Shell O/s Radius = 3000mm
DC = Roller Radius = 400mm D
CE = Dist. Between Two Roller
= CH + BE = 2 CH (CH = CE)
Now By Sine Law
C B E
Sin  /2 = BC/AC BC = Sin /2  AC
 BC = Sin37.5º  3400 (= 75º  /2 = 37.5º, AC = AD + DC = 3000 + 400)
 BC = 0.6087  3400 = 2069.78 mm
 Dist.Between Roller CE = 2  BC = 2  2069.78
83
= 4139.56mm
 PCD & HOLE MARKING
CALCULATIONS
 For Example, consider a flange 14”-1500# with
P.C.D.=600 mm & No. of Holes N = 12.
 Mark P.C.D. = 600 mm.
 Angular distance y = 360 / N = 360/12 = 30 degrees.
 Chord length between holes
= 2 x PCD x Sin ( y/2 )
2 y
P.C.D.
= 2 x 600 x Sin (30/2)
2
= 2 x 600 x 0.2588 = 155.28 mm.
2

‘N’ Holes

84
SLING ANGLE CALCULATION.

Hook

00
50

85
4000
SLING ANGLE CALCULATION.

ø
00
50

86
2000
 CALCULATION
S
Sin Ø = x/y
x = 2000 & y = 5000

Ø = 23.5 0

2Ø = 23.5 X 2 = 470

87
 M/CING ALLOWANCES
Add 3 mm (min.) on all dimensions to provide for m/cing
allowances.
Example of O/Lay on Gasket face of Flange:

2106 dia.(min.) 8 (min.)

1894 dia.(max.)
1900 dia.
88
 PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION
ORIENTATION MARKING

 Marking On Shell

 Orientation = 237’

95
 PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

MARK WEB SEGMENT

 Inside Radius = 3800 mm

 Outside Radius = 4200 mm

 Segment Angle = 45’

96
 PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION
WEP MARKING

 Shell Thickness = 32 mm

 WEP Included Angle = 50”

 Root Face = 2 mm

 Root Gap = 3 mm

97
 PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
HOLES MARKING ON FLANGE

 Plate OD = 800 mm

 Plate ID = 450 mm

 P.C.D. = 600 mm

 No. Of Holes = 16 Nos.

 Dia. Of Holes = 32 mm

98