• refers to the materials which are used by an

artist. it is the means by which he communicates

his ideas.

• ARCHITECTURE- Uses woods, bamboo, bricks,

stones.

• SCULPTORS- Uses woods, metals and bronzes.

PAINTERS- Uses pigments on woods or canvas.

• is the art of creating meaningful effects on a
flat surface by the use of pigments. The
materials of the painter are pigments applied
to wet plaster, canvas, woods or paper.
• in oil paintings, the
pigments are mixed in oil.
the surface used is usually
canvas although other
surfaces like woods, paper
and metal may be used.
• the most familiar type of
painting is done with oils on
canvas.
• Example of Oil Paintings is
"MOTHER AND CHILD".
• it comes from many sources; minerals,
vegetables matter, coal tars, and other
chemical combinations. these are ground
by hand or machine then mixed with oil.
• DIRECT METHOD- the paints are
opaque and are applied to the surface
just as they are to look in the
finished product.
• INDIRECT METHOD- the paint is
applied in many thin layers of
transparent color.
• CARLOS "BOTONG" FRANCISCO recorded history
and folklore in his oil. His "Maria Makiling" has the
subject the woodland nymph of Mount Makiling in
the province of Laguna.
• "Sari-Sari" by NORMA BELLEZA was produced in
1979.
• JOSE JOYA a well-known painter and former dean
of the college of Fine Arts of the University of
the Philippines has produced many oils, one of
which "Red Talisman" painted in 1975.
"MARIA MAKILING" by CARLOS "SARI-SARI" by NORMA
"BOTONG" FRANCISCO BELLEZA

"RED TALISMAN" by
JOSE JOYA
• Director of the cultural facilities for
the GSIS.
• originally entitled "The Maid" in 1953.
• "Coquette" in 1960.
• "Intere de un Cafe" or "Interior of a
Cafe" in 1983.
• in 2002 when the painting was entitled
"Parisian Life".
 THREE POSSIBLE INTERPRETATIONS OF THE
PAINTING
1. The three gentlemen's ( J. Luna, Dr. J. Rizal, Dr.
Ariston Bautista Lin).
2. Juan Luna was probably projecting his turbulence
with his wife into his painting and that he was asking
for counsel from his two friends, Rizal and Bautista
Lin.
3. The third interpretation was submitted by UP Fine
Arts professor Roberto Fileo and his students
comparing the body of the lady to the philippine map.
"PARISIAN LIFE" by JUAN
LUNA
• A mixture of ground pigments and an albuminous or
colloidal vehicle, either egg, gum or glue, used by
Egyptian, Medieval and Renaissance painters. It is
still used today.
• the special characteristic of tempera is its being
an emulsion.
• An emulsion is a watery, milk-like mixture of oily
and watery consistency.
• Tempera, not withstanding its oil content, dries
readily with the evaporation of water.
• This rapid drying is one of its advantages.
 "MAJESTY" by
BONAVENTURA TEMPERA

"RESURRECTION WITH TWO

ANGELS" by BERNARDINO
FUNGAI
• done on a wooden panel that has been made
smooth with a coating of plaster.
• the colors are mixed with egg yolk.
• the paint dries rapidly, there is little blending or
fusing of colors in tempera painting.
• this is evident in the "Resurrection with two
Angels" by Bernardino Fungai in Segna di
Bonaventura's "Majesty".
• in watercolor, the pigments are mixed with water
and applied to fine, white paper.
• in pure water-color painting, all the lights comes
from the ground.
• paper is the most commonly used ground.
• other materials like parchment, ivory, silk and
cambric are also used as ground.
• the ground must be very clean and white and at
the same time unchangeable.
it is called "Grouache". It is made by grinding
opaque colors with water and mixing the product
with a preparation of gum by adding Chinese white
to trasparent water colors.
it differs from the brilliant quality of translucent
watercolor painting whose major effects are
caused by the white paper.
it is commonly used to every school child.
• Pastel is the more recent medium. Pastel color
possesses only surfaces of light, gives no glazed
effect and most closely resembles dry pigment.
• The pigment is bound so as to form a crayon which
is applied directly to the surface, usually a paper.
• Pasteboard or canvas is used. As far as the
technique is concerned, the painter is free to
handle the material to suit himself.
• A very flexible medium. Varied effects may be
produced in pastel painting.
• The most popular type of painting in fresco.
• The colors are mixed with water and applied to
fresh plaster which absorbs the color.
• The pigment has been incorporated with the
plaster, it last until the wall is destroyed.
• Fresco painting flourished during the 15th and
16th centuries when Masaccio, Michaelangelo,
Raphael, Tintoretto and others covered the wall of
italian churches with their masterpieces.
• In Italian, "Fresco" means fresh and is used to
designate the process of painting in fresh wet
plaster.
• The newest medium and one that is used widely by
painters today is acrylic.
• They combine the the transparency and quick-
drying qualities of watercolor and are as flexible
as oil.
• They are completely insoluble when dry and can
bve used almost on any surface.
• They also do not tend to crack, and turn yellow
with age.
• Filipino painters have
produced many
paintings using
acrylic as a medium.
• Mario Parial's "Sisa"
• "Anting-Anting"
Rodolfo Paras-Perez
• "Blue Odyssey" Jose
Joya
• A portraitist and a painter of rural Philippines landscapes.
• His paintings often portrayed traditional Filipino culture,
customs, fiestas, and occupation.
• He used natural lights in his paintings.
• He painted outdoors to be able to catch the effects of
lights on objects through the used color.
• He develop the backlighting technique that brilliantly
depicted the luminous golden glow of the sun's rays on his
subject.
• This technique became the artistic trademark and his
greatest contribution to Philippine Painting.
• He was noted for being an outstanding painter of women's
portrait.

• He was also best remembered for painting landscapes and

everyday scenes with women depicted as simple yet regal
in doing daily activities such as weaving, chatting, going
to church, planting rice in the fields and washing
clothes.
•
• His skill in portraiture has rarely been equalled except
perhaps by Fernando Amorsolo.
• He singled-handedly brought back the art of mural
painting in the Philippines.
• He was in the forefront of modernist art in the
country.
• He was best known for his historical epics.
• His favorite subject is Fisherfolks.
• The images of his women subjects came from
mythology, history, legends, customs, and
contemporary life.
• He was a Filipino abstract painter.
• known as an abstract expressionist.
• He pioneered abstract expressionism in the
Philippines.
• His canvases were characterized by "dynamic
spontaneity" and "quick gestures" of action painting.
• He adapted the values of kinetic energy and
spontaneity in painting, mastering the art of
gestured painting where paint is applied using broad
brush strokes.
• His works were influenced by the tropical landscapes
of the Philippine Islands.
• He first attained prominence in the Philippine Arts
scene in the 1960s.
• He fused influences from cubism,surrealism and
expressionism.
• Some of his styles classified "figurative
expressionism".
• He favored subjects as fighting cocks, rabid dogs
and people enraptured by rage or bound in chair.
• The intensity of his works stood in contrast to his
personality, described as placid and affable.
In 1884, his masterpiece, "Spoliarium", won
first prize at the National Exposition of Fine
Arts in Madrid.
His other masterpieces are the "Death of
Cleopatra" and the "Blood Compact".
• A Philippine cubist painter and illustrator. His
canvases were described as masterpieces that
brought the cultures of the barrio and city
together.
• He was credited for a new mode
of abstraction that exemplifies
Philippine flora and fauna and
portrays sunshine, stars, rains.

• Using bold colors, He utilized

fantasy and science fiction as
the basis for his work.

• His art is described "abstract

composition of biological forms
that seemed to oscillate, quiver,
unflame and multiple mutations".
• A painter in the early 19th century of miniature portraits and
religious images.

• He was known for his miniature portraits on ivory and oil

portraits on canvas.

• He was likely the first in Asia to use the western principles of

foreground, middleground and background perspectives among
other artistic techniques.

• He became one of the most sought-after of his time.

• He is a self-taught who began his career as a comic strip
illustrator.
• He paints freely and unencumbered in grouache and oil
pastel, on large or small canvases and on paper.
• His painting has been said to celebrate the Philippine
landscape, its people and traditions in happy fiesta color.
• He was a well awarded artist. He received TOYM (Ten
Outstanding Young Men) 1963, Gawad CCP Artist of the Year
(Society of Philippine Illustrators and Cartoonists) and
Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan fron the City of Manila.
• His colors are generally bright and vivid.
• He is a pioneer among Filipino
painters.
• His skillful and soulful depiction of
social issues, most especially those
most relevant to Filipinos is
believed by many to be the
foundation of his success.
• Bencab has painted a wide variety
of subjects.
• In choosing a subject for sculpture, the most important
things to consider is the materials. The substances available
for sculpture are limitless. Some of the earliest sculpture
were made of bone or wood.
• Modern sculptors use variety of materials for thei work. A
soft medium as clay will lend itself to a modeling technique
that uses squeezing and shaping and continuously adding to it
as the work goes on.
• Modelling allows for expansion of gesture while carving is
confined to the limits of the piece of woods or stone.
• SUBTRACTIVE- It is a process in which the unwanted material is
cut away. The carving of stone and wood is an example of the
subtractive process. Stone and wood are the major medium used to
make sculpture. Other medium ares such as soap, insulating brick
and plaster of Paris have also been used. Intense heat to produced
a ceramic known as terra cotta or may be cast in metal or artificial
stone.

• ADDITIVE- The construction of a figure by putting together bits

of clay, or by welding together parts of material is an example of
the additive process. The final result is produced by putting
together smaller segments of the material. The sculpture ideas of
additive process is expressed by joining or combining together
small pieces of materials. these materials may be plastic in texture
like moist clay which is molded.

• The materials may be also rigid or semi-regid such as metal

wires, rods and plates which are combined by soldering or
welding.
• Stone is durable, resistent to the elements, fire and other
hazards. On the other hand, it is heavy and break easily.
Marble is the most beautiful of stones. It is hard and it is
more or less permanent. It is a high gloss when polished.
The famous "Pieta" of Michaelangelo in the Vatican City is
made of marble. The "Head of Ptolemy" is also made of
marble.
• The advantage of wood is that it is cheap, readily available,
and easy to cut. It is also polishes well and has a smooth
shiny surface and beautiful color. It is relatively light and
can be made easily into a variety of shapes. The carved
pulpit of the San Agustin Church in Intramuros is an example
of Philippine woodcarving at its best. The main drawback in
using wood is that it is limited in size and burns easily.
Wooden sculptures are known to discolor and decay easily in
the Philippine climate.
• Unlike wooden sculpture, a large number of old ivory statues
have survived to the present time. The survival is due to the
intrinsic value of the material. Ivory lends itself to technical
mastery, also popular to ordinary craftspeople. Ivory though,
lacks of vigor of wooden statues, like wood, it is also cracks.
A comb, carved on both slides with religious scenes and made
of ivory.
• It is a moderately coarse clay product fired at comparatively
low temperature. It is usually painted and coated with heavy
glaze. Terra Cotta breaks and chip easily. It is not a strong
material and it cannot stand great strain or weight. Terra
cotta nevertheless is a beautiful and versatile medium. The
result is usually referred to as terra cotta, which literally
means " cooked earth".
• It is the art of designing and constructing a building. It is
also by its definition function. One of the primary purposes
of architecture is to fulfill a need that led to its creation.
Since the needs of different periods in history varied,
different architectural styles involved.
• The styles in architecture is a complex undertaking. The
style must accommodate and express the function of the
structure. It must also address the future, providing for
adaptibility and the capacity to survive the loss of its
original function.
• A wide variety of materials are available to the architect
these days. Availability of materials is often also an
important factor in architecture. Durability and beauty are
also other factors often considered in the choice of
materials.
The types of construction to be employed also determines the
choice of materials to be used. These may be one of the
following: post-and-lintel, arch, and cantiliver.
• The post-and-lintel is the earliest of the three. It
consists of two vertical posts for support (post) and a
horizontal one (lintel). The post-and-lintel is generally used
for wooden buildings.
• The Arch is dominant in Roman Architecture. It is an
architectural form built from pieces of woods called
Voussoirs with joints between them and are arranged in a
semi-circle.
• All materials in an arch are in compression. This method is
typical for stone construction. The dome is an extension of
the principle of the arch.
• It is roof resembling an inverted cup or hemisphere, formed
by rounded arches or vaults rising from a sound or many-
sided base.
• Cantilever is any structural part projecting horizontally and
anchored at one end only. This method of construction needs
a beam with a great tensile strength that can be securely
fastened at the supported end. Steel has a great strength,
and does not crack or break easily. The cantilever is utilized
largely in buildings with steel as a medium. Wood is also
suited to cantilever construction.
• WOOD is the common building materials today. It is
advantages are its abundance, relative durability and high
tensile and compression strength. It is easily destroyed by
moisture, insects and fire. A new material, plywoods, has
greatly improved the structural possibilities of wood.
• STONE is the materials used in most of the great
architecture ofthe world where permanence is desired.
Concrete is a building material made of sand and gravel
mixed with cements. Like Stone, it has high compressive
strength.It is concrete reinforced with steel.
• STEEL is still in great demand today. It is a tough alloy of
iron in variable amounts. It is malleable under proper
conditions and greatly hardened by sudden cooling. It has
tensile strength. The use of structural steel makes it
possible for the architect to build many of the present-
day structures without worrying about the problem of
space and the weight of other materials. It has also made
possible the building of the high-rise structures which are
very popular these days.