Information | Analytics | Expertise
IHS WELLTEST
Software Training Course
© 2014 IHS
Scope of Software Training
• Data Preparation and QC: • Varying Wellbore Storage
• Data importing • Homogenous Wellbore Storage
• Gauge comparison and synchronization • Changing in Wellbore Storage
• Time, rate, and pressure editing
• Boundary
• Filtering data for analysis
• Fractured Reservoir
• Entering fluid (PVT) and reservoir
properties • Horizontal Well
• Analysis Workflow for:
• Partial Penetration
• Standard buildup/Drawdown (c)
• Numerical Analysis
• Injection/Fall off Test (u)
• Mini Frac (u) • Deconvolution
• Perforation Inflow (PITA) (u)
• Perforation Injection Analysis (u)
© 2015 IHS
Tutorial#1: Data Preparation and Standard Workflow
• Focusing On:
• Data importing
• Gauge comparison and synchronization
• Time, rate, and pressure editing
• Filtering data for analysis
• Entering fluid (PVT) and reservoir properties
• Performing analysis
• Varying wellbore storage
© 2015 IHS
Wellbore Storage
• Two Types of Wellbore Storage: • Dimensionless form:
• Fluid filled: wellbore full with fluid
(liquid or gas)get compressed.
• Changing wellbore storage occur
• Changing Fluid level: when:
Liquid+gasLiquid level increased
• Change in fluid compressibility in
wellbore
• Phase redistribution / fluid
segregation
• Change in type of storage from a
changing liquid level to a liquid filled
• Both Types are constant value wellbore
© 2015 IHS
Wellbore Storage
• When wellbore storage is
changing, there will be indication
of anomalous pressure which are
deviated from unit slope.
• Approach to fit the anomalous
pressure is proposed by Fair and
Hageman
© 2015 IHS
Tutorial#2: Changing Wellbore Storage
• Focusing On:
• Trying to utilize the effect of ‘Changing Wellbore Storage’ in the software to
match with the real data.
© 2015 IHS
Flow Regime Categories
Wellbore Configuration Early Time Middle Time Transition Late Time
Vertical Wells Wellbore Storage Radial Single No-Flow Pseudo-Steady
Boundary State
Linear
Linear Channel Steady State
Fracture Bilinear
Spherical
Horizontal Unstimulated Wellbore Storage Horizontal Radial Linear Channel Pseudo-Steady
State
Vertical Radial
Steady State
Linear Horizontal
Horizontal Multifrac Wellbore Storage Compound Linear Pseudo-Steady
State
Vertical Radial
Steady State
Linear Fracture
© 2015 IHS 7
Vertical Well – Typical Flow Regimes
Transient Radial Linear Fracture
Flow Flow
Long Narrow Reservoir – Linear Channel Flow
© 2015 IHS 8
Horizontal Well – Typical Flow Regimes
© 2015 IHS 9
Conventional Modeling in IHS-WellTest
Model Support
Vertical • Vertical Well
• Well at any location inside reservoir
• Rectangular shape reservoir
• Support infinite acting
• Homogenous
• Dual porosity
• No flow boundary
• Constant pressure boundary
Horizontal • Horizontal Well
• Horizontal section may be at any location in the reservoir
• Rectangular shape reservoir
• Anisotropic heterogeneity
• Dual porosity
• Infinite acting
• No flow boundary
• Constant pressure boundary
• Modeling well near sealing fault
• Constant pressure boundary near intersecting fault
© 2015 IHS
Conventional Models in IHS-WellTest
Model Support
Partial Penetration • Is Vertical Model where reservoir is partially penetrated /
partially connected to wellbore
Composite • Vertical well
• Unlimited composite zones
• Homogenous
• Dual porosity
• Change in heterogeneities
• Naturally fracture reservoir with varying fracture distribution
Fracture with Boundary • Vertical well intercepted by infinite conductivity vertical
fracture
• Rectangular reservoir
• Homogenous
• Dual porosity
• Well maybe at any location within reservoir
• Infinite acting
• No flow boundary
• Constant pressure boundary
• Well near sealing fault
• Constant pressure boundary near intersecting faults
© 2015 IHS
Conventional Models in IHS-WellTest
Model Support
Finite Conductivity Fracture • Vertical well intercepted by finite-conductivity vertical fracture
• Cylindrical reservoir
• Infinite acting or No flow boundary
Leaky Fault • Transient flow
• Well located near leaky fault (finite-conductivity)
• Infinite acting
• Two zone composite reservoir – infinite acting
• Account transient flow within / inside fault
• The fault characterized in two parameters:
• FCD (dimensionless fracture conductivity)
• s fault (skin across the fault)
• No flow boundary by setting FCD = 0 and s fault >>
Partial Penetration Anisotropic • Partial Penetrated Model with Anisotropic
• Well near sealing fault
• Constant pressure boundary near intersecting faults
© 2015 IHS
Conventional Models in IHS-WellTest
Model Support
Fully Penetrating Anisotropic • Same as Partial Penetrating Anisotropic model but reservoir is
fully penetrated
Multi Layer Rectangular • Vertical Well
• Multi Layer with identical reservoir properties
• Well may be at any location within EACH layer
• Infinite acting or no flow or constant pressure boundary
• Well near a sealing fault
• Constant pressure boundary near intersecting faults
• Dual porosity
Multi Layer Cylindrical • Same as ‘Multi Layer Rectangular’ Model with cylindrical
reservoir
Multi Layer Cylindrical with • Same as ‘Multi Layer Cylindrical’ but with unequal Pi
Unequal Pi
Slanted • Slanted well
• Rectangular shape reservoir
• Anisotropic
• Dual porosity
• Infinite acting or no flow or constant pressure boundary
• Well near sealing fault
• Constant pressure boundary near intersecting faults
© 2015 IHS
Unconventional Model in IHS-WellTest
• Minifrac
• Work similar with conventional analysis
• PITA
• Vertical well
• Infinite Acting reservoir; Homogenous
• Not support changing wellbore storage; dual porosity; interference test
• Slug
• Assume infinite acting reservoir; Homogenous
• Not support changing wellbore storage; dual porosity; interference test
• CCT
• Same as PITA capability with additional changing of wellbore storage
© 2015 IHS
Dual Porosity
• Naturally fractured reservoir has two distinct properties, in matrix and in
fracture.
• Consist of irregular fractures but generally can be represented by
homogenous dual porosity system.
© 2015 IHS
Dual Porosity
• Dual Porosity is characterized by • Storativity is time separation
two parameters: between the two straight line in
• Interporosity flow coefficient () log cycle.
• Storativity ()
© 2015 IHS
Dual Porosity
• Derivative implication on lambda and omega is as follow:
• Important note: apparent skin in dual porosity concept should be taken
from second semi-log straight line
© 2015 IHS
Tutorial#3: Dual Porosity
• Focusing on:
• Performing Diagnostic and Analysis using Dual Porosity option
• Comparing if analysis is done without dual porosity option
© 2015 IHS
Hydraulic Fractured Reservoir
• Fracture Conductivity, Pressure drop in the fracture during production
period.
• Dimensionless Fracture Conductivity, FCD:
• Infinite: if the pressure drop is zero in the fracture during production, FCD>100
or flow capacity (kf x wf) > 10,000 mDft
• Yield only Linear flow regime in the fracture
• Finite: if the pressure drop is > 0 in the fracture during production, FCD<100 or
flow capacity (kf x wf) < 10,000 mDft
• Recognized by the present of Bi-Linear flow regime (1/4 slope)
© 2015 IHS
Hydraulic Fractured Reservoir
• Flow regime in the Hydraulically
fractured reservoir:
• Linear Flow in the fracture
(Followed with Bi-Linear flow for
finite conductivity fracture type)
• Linear flow from formation to
fracture along the fracture length
• Elliptical flow regime
• Radial flow
• Two Models applicable:
• Fracture with Boundary Model
• Finite Conductivity Fracture Model
© 2015 IHS
Hydraulic Fractured Reservoir
Only Linear flow exist Bi-Linear flow exist
© 2015 IHS
Tutorial#4: Hydraulic Fractured Reservoir
• Focusing on:
• Determining all possible flow regimes
• Determining if the fracture has finite or infinite conductivity by matching the ¼
slope of bilinear flow to get the FCD value.
• Choosing appropriate fracture model (infinite or finite fracture model)
• History matching to get the fracture half length, permeability, choked-fracture
skin, skin apparent
© 2015 IHS
Horizontal Well
© 2015 IHS
Tutorial#5: Horizontal Well
• Focusing on:
• Determining Flow regimes
• Performing horizontal modeling to get reservoir properties and boundary
model.
© 2015 IHS
Partial Penetraion
h top
h
h perf
© 2015 IHS
Tutorial#6: Partial Penetration – Test Design
• Focusing on
• Design well testing for partial
penetration reservoir with given data
• Compare the TD curve if the partial
penetration data is changed
• Determine the presence of
Spherical flow regime
© 2015 IHS
Minifrac
• Low permeability formation need
reservoir properties from well test
analysis before performing
fracturing job.
• Performing conventional well testing
in low perm formation will take
extensive time to get stabilize
• Minifrac become option
• Minifrac:
• Is an injection fall-off diagnostic test
• Intent is to break down formation to
create short fracture
• To observe the closure of fracture
system created during the falloff
period.
© 2015 IHS
Minifrac
• Key results: • Minifrac Technicques:
• Fracture closure pressure (pc) • PCA (Pre Closure Analysis)
• Instantaneous shut-in pressure (ISIP) • ACA (After Closure Analysis)
• ISIP gradient • Nolte
• Net Fracture Pressure (Δpnet) • Soliman/Craig
• Fluid efficiency • Modeling
• Formation leakoff characteristics and
fluid loss coefficients
• Formation permeability (k)
• Reservoir pressure (pi)
© 2015 IHS
Minifrac
• Key Result form Minifrac Test:
• Fracture closure pressure (pc)
• Instantaneous shut-in pressure
(ISIP)
• ISIP gradient
• Net Fracture Pressure (Δpnet)
• Fluid efficiency
• Formation leakoff characteristics
and fluid loss coefficients.
• Formation permeability (k)
• Reservoir pressure (pi)
© 2015 IHS
Normal Pressure Dependend
Transverse Storage Fracture tip extention
© 2015 IHS
Tutorial#7: Minifrac
• Focusing on:
• Pre Closure Analysis
• After Closure Analysis
• Modeling
© 2015 IHS
Deconvolution
© 2015 IHS
Deconvolution
• Classical Method • Modern Method
• Unit Rate Function • Modern Method (Indirect)
• Convolution (Superposition) • Concept
• Deconvolution (Direct) • Strength and Witness
• Limitation • Comparison with Modeling
© 2015 IHS
Deconvolution – Unit Rate Function (Pu)
© 2015 IHS
Deconvolution – Unit Rate (Pu)
• The Type Curve and Derivative
• Fundamental of Well Testing
Interpretation
• Flow Regime identification
• Reservoir description
• Pressure Behavior for constant rate
© 2015 IHS
Deconvolution – Concept of Superposition(Convolution)
© 2015 IHS
Deconvolution
© 2015 IHS
