Scribd
Upload
594 views

Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

This document provides examples and explanations of inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning involves drawing general conclusions based on patterns or specific observations. Deductive reasoning derives logical conclusions from premises using rules of inference. The document contrasts the two types of reasoning and provides examples to illustrate inductive and deductive logic.

Uploaded by

Cedrick Nicolas Valera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
594 views

Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

This document provides examples and explanations of inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning involves drawing general conclusions based on patterns or specific observations. Deductive reasoning derives logical conclusions from premises using rules of inference. The document contrasts the two types of reasoning and provides examples to illustrate inductive and deductive logic.

Uploaded by

Cedrick Nicolas Valera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

a.

) 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ___

b.) 4, 20, 100, 500,


2500, ___
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning is the process
of drawing conclusion based on the
sets of observation.

Inductive reasoning takes specific


examples to make a general rule.
Inductive Reasoning
Example:
You reviewed before going to sleep and again
on waking up. When you took the test, you did
very well.
You prepared the same way for the next two
tests and in each case, you did well.
Generalization: To do well in a test, you need
to review before and after sleeping at night.
Inductive Reasoning
Think of an even composite number.
Find two prime numbers whose sum is your chosen
even composite number.
Generalization: “Every composite even number can
be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers”
“Goldbach’s Conjecture”
A conjecture is a generalization in mathematics
based on many examples or illustrations which the
author thinks is correct but cannot prove yet.
Inductive Reasoning
 Consider the function .
On evaluating the function for different values of ,
we get,

If you continue and examine the results, you will notice


that all of them are prime numbers. You may be
tempted to conclude that the function will give a prime
for any value of .
Inductive Reasoning
  This is not true for since,

An example used to prove that a statement is false is


called a counterexample.

Generalizations made by inductive reasoning are not


always dependable as shown by experience and by
records.

However, inductive reasoning is very good in making


discoveries. Given a tough problem, often,
mathematicians make experiments, observe patterns
and then make conclusions to solve it.
Since inductive reasoning can lead to invalid
conclusions, mathematicians confirm their
conclusions by deductive reasoning.

Deductive reasoning is a type of reasoning


which makes use of accepted rules of logic.
It begins with a series of general statements
and then by using rules of logic, a
conclusion is deduced.
Deductive Reasoning
 
Example:
a. If you are an 18-year old Filipino citizen, then you can
vote.
b. Pete is an 18-year old Filipino.
c. Therefore, Pete can vote.

The Law of Detachment (Modus Ponens)


If is true, then is true.
is true (for a particular case A.)
Therefore, is true (for the given case A.)
Deductive Reasoning
  Example:
a. If the sum of two angles is , then they are
complementary.
b. It is given that and , so + .
c. Therefore ________________________.

Example:
d. If a person has a license, he is allowed to drive.
e. Arturo has a license.
f. Therefore ______________________.
Deductive Reasoning
Example:
a. If a student is in third year, he takes Chemistry.
b. Luis is taking Chemistry.
c. Therefore Luis is in third year.

This is not necessarily true since there are college


students who take Chemistry. Remember that the
truth of the conclusion does not guarantee that of
the hypothesis.
Deductive Reasoning
  The Law of Syllogism (Chain Rule)
This is similar to the law of detachment except it
requires two if-then statements.

Example:
a. If I get cut, then I bleed.
b. If I bleed, then I need a bandage.
c. Therefore, if I get cut, I need a bandage.

Pattern for syllogism:


If , then .
If , then r.
Therefore, if , then .
Deductive Reasoning
  Examples:
1. If you drive a smaller car, then you will use less gasoline.
If you use less gasoline, then you save money.
Therefore ______________________________.

2. If , then
If then .
Therefore ____________________________.

3. If a figure is a square, then it has equal sides and angles.


If a figure has equal sides and angles, then it is a regular
polygon.
Therefore _____________________________.
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
  Draw a conclusion from each given situation and identify
the kind of reasoning used.
1. 5, 10, 15, 20. The next number is _____.
2. Coplanar points are points on the same plane. are
coplanar. Therefore _______________.
3. Regular polygon is equilateral. BELEN is a regular
pentagon. Therefore _______________.
4. A child’s teacher in preschool was a female. His
teachers in grade 1 and 2 were both female. The child
may say ______________.
5. Filipinos are peace-loving people. Julia is a Filipino.
Therefore ________________.

You might also like