GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNVERSITY
AHMEDABAD
PRESENTATION ON ,
“ INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE”
PREPARED BY: 1)Parth . M . Patel 160990119026
2)Abhishek . A . Patil 160990119027
3)Prashant . A . Patil 160990119028
4)Akshay . B . Pillai 160990119029
5)Vishal Prajapati 160990119030
GUIDED BY:
MR. DIPEN A RANA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRICT , VATARIA.
ACTIVE LEARNING ASSESSMENT (ALA)
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 1ST SEM
29/12/2016
Introduction
In 1876 four stroke engine based on otto cycle was
developed by a german engineer Nikolous otto.which
changed the development of ic engines and are used
till today.Diesel engine was developed by another
german engineer Rudolf Diesel in the year 1892
What is heat engine????
"Heat engine is a modified form of engine used for transforming chemical energy
of fuel into thermal energy and subsequently for producing work"
They are classified on the basis of where the combustion of fuel take place.
According to that there are two types of heat engine
1. External combustion engine
2. Internal combustion engine
Engine details
1. Cylinder
It is the heart of the engine in which the fuel is burnt and the power is developed.cylinder
has to withstand the high temperature and pressure because the combustion of fuel is carried
out within the cylinder. The iner diameter is called bore. To prevent the wearing of the cylinder
block, a sleeve will be fitted tightly in the cylinder. The piston resiprocate inside the cylinder.
2. Cylinder head
Cylinder head cover top end of cylinder. It provides space for valve mechanisms spark plug
Fuel injector etc.
3. Piston
The piston is a close fitted hollow cylindrical plunger reciprocating inside the cylinder. The
power developed by the combustion of fuel is transmitted by the piston to the crank shaft
through the connecting rod.
4. Piston rings
The piston rings are the metallic rings inserted into the circumferential grooves provided
at the top end of the piston. These rings maintain a gas tight joint between the piston and
the cylinder while the piston is reciprocating in the cylinder.
5. Piston pin
It is the pin joining small end of the connecting rod and the piston. This is made up of
steel
6. Connecting rod
It is the member connecting piston pin and crank shaft through crank pin. It converts the
reciprocating motion of piston into rotary motion of crank shaft. It is made up of steel
7. Crank and crank shaft
The crank is a lever that is connected to a big end of the connecting rod by a pin joint with
its other end connected rigidly to a shaft called crankshaft. It rotates about the axis of the
crankshaft and causes the connecting rod to oscillate.
8. Valves
Engine has both intake and exhaust valves which are operated by valve operating
mechanism. The valves are yhe device which control the flow of the intake and the exhaut
gases to and from the engine cylinder. Flywheel
It is a heavy wheel mounted on crankshaft of the engine . It minimizes cyclic variation in
speed by storing in energy during power stroke and same is released during other stroke.
10. Crankcaee
It is the lower part of the engine serving as an enclosure of the crankshaft and also as a
sump for the lubricanting oil.
11. Carburetor
Carburetor is used in petrol engine for proper mixing of air and petrol.
12. Fuel pump
Fuel pump is used in diesel engine for increasing pressure and controlling the quantity
of fuel supplied to the injector.
13. Fuel injector
Fuel injector is used to inject diesel fuel ib the form of fine atomized spray under
pressureat the end of compression stroke.
14. Spark plug
Spark plug is used in petrol engine to produce a high intensity spark for ignition of air
fuel mixture in the cylinder.
I.C. ENGINE
TERMINOLOGY
Parts of I.C. Engine
1. Cylinder
2. Cylinder head
3. Piston
4. Piston Rings
5. Piston pin
6. Connecting Rod
7. Crank and Crankshaft
8. Valve
9. Flywheel
10. Crankcase
11. Carburetor
12. Fuel pump
13. Fuel injector
14. Spark plug
TERMINOLOGY
1] Bore : The inner diameter of the engine cylinder is called a bore.
2] Stroke : It is the linear distance travelled by the piston when it moves from one end of
the cylinder to the other end . It is equal to twice the radius of the crank.
3] Dead centers :In the vertical engines, top most position of the piston is called Top Dead
Center (TDC). When the piston is at bottom most position, it is called Bottom Dead
Center (BDC). In horizontal engine, the extreme position of the piston near to cylinder
head is called Inner Dead Centre (I.D.C) and extreme position of the piston near the
crank is called Outer Dead Center (O.D.C).
4] Clearance Volume (Vc) : It is the volume
contained between the piston top and
cylinder head when the piston is at top or
inner dead centre.
5] Stroke volume (Swept volume ) : It is volume displaced by the piston in one stroke
is known as stroke volume.
Let, Vs = Stroke volume, L = Stroke length, d = Bore
2
Vs d L
4
6] Compression Ratio : The ratio of total cylinder volume to clearance volume is
called the compression ratio (r) of the engine.
Total cylinder volume = Vc + Vs
Compression Ratio, r = Total Cylinder Volume
VC VS Clearance Volume
r
VC
For Petrol engine r varies from 6 to 10 and for Diesel engine r varies from 14
to 20.
7] Piston Speed : It is average speed of piston. It is equal to 2LN, where N is speed of
crank shaft in rev./second
2 LN
VP
Piston speed,
60
m s , Where L = stroke length, m
N = speed of crank shaft, RPM
FOUR STORK &
TWO
STORK
PETROL ENGINE
THEORY
Four stroke & two stroke Petrol
Engine
Four stroke engine theory:-
Internal combustion principle.
Valve operation
Two cycles.
Valve timing
Two stroke engine theory:-
Internal combustion principle
Valve operation
One cycle operation
Valve timing.
Four stroke engine theory
Suction stroke.
Compression stroke.
Expansion stroke.
Exhaust stroke.
Suction & compression strokes
Suction stroke Compression stroke
Expansion & Exhaust strokes
Expansion stroke Exhaust strokes
Two stroke engine theory:-
Compression stroke
power stroke
Compression stroke & Power stroke
Four Stroke
& Two Stroke
Diesel Engine
Theory
Four Stroke & Two Stroke Diesel Engine
Four Stroke Engine Theory
Internal combustion principles
Valve operation
Two cycles
Valve timing
Two Stroke Engine Theory
Internal combustion principles
Valve operation
One cycle operation
Valve timing
Four Stroke Engine Theory
Intake
Compression
Power
Exhaust
Intake Stroke
Compression Stroke
Valves closed
Power Stroke
Valves closed
Exhaust Stroke With Timing Valve
Two Stroke Engine Theory
Up stroke
Down stroke
2 Stroke
Up Stroke Compression
occurs
Transfer Port
Crank
Case
Reed Valve
Carburetor
2 Stroke Down
Stroke Intake
Power
Exhaust
Occurs
Transfer Port
+
Reed Valve
Carburetor
ENGINE
EFFICIENC
Y
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY
It is defined as the ratio of brake power to
indicated power. Therefore, mechanical
efficiency,
Specific output
The specific output of the engine is defined as the
brake output per unit of piston displacement I.e.
therefore for a give displacement of the piston the B.P.
can either be increased by increasing the speed of the
engine or by increasing the brake mean effective
pressure.
Volumetric Efficiency
It is the indicator of the degree to which the engine
fills to its swept volume. It is defined as the ratio of
actual mass of charge inducted during suction stroke
to the Mass of charge corresponding to swept volume
of the engine at atmospheric pressure and
temperature accordingly,
Thermal Efficiency
Thermal efficiency of an engine is the indicator of
conversion of heat supplied into work energy. It is either
based on I.P. or on B.P. accordingly, we have two types of
thermal efficiency :
(1) Indicated thermal efficiency, ni
(2) Brake or overall thermal efficiency, nb or no
Relative Efficiency
It is defined as the ratio of indicated efficiency to the air
standard efficiency of the theoretical at the same
compression ratio. therefore
Specific fuel consumption(S.F.C.)
It indicated the relative economy of a particular engine
when compared to the other engine. Brake specific
fuel consumption is defined as the amount of fuel
required to be supplied to an engine to develop 1 kw
power per hour. Therefore,
Reference
Name of Book :- Books India Publications
Author :- H.G.Katariva
J.P.Hadiya
S.M.Bhatt
Preferred websites :- Google
Google images
Wikipedia
Thank You
