La distribución Normal y
la habilidad del proceso -
introducción
Process Capability
• Specification Limits reflect what the
customer needs
• Natural Tolerance Limits (a.k.a. Control
Limits) reflect what the process is
capable of actually delivering
• These look similar, but are not the same
Specification Limits
• Determined by the Customer
• A Specific Quantitative Definition of
“Fitness for Use”
• Not Necessarily Related to a Particular
Production Process
• Not Represented on Control Charts
Tolerance (Control) Limits
• Determined by the inherent central tendency
and dispersion of the production process
• Represented on Control Charts to help
determine whether the process is “under
control”
• A process under control may not deliver
products that meet specifications
• A process may deliver acceptable products
but still be out of control
Measures of Process Capability
• Percent Defective
• Cp
• Cpk
• Sigma Level
Example: Cappuccino
Example: Cappuccino
• Imagine that a franchise food service organization
has determined that a critical quality feature of their
world-famous cappuccino is the proportion of milk
in the beverage, for which they have established
specification limits of 54% and 64%.
• The corporate headquarters has procured a custom-
designed, fully-automated cappuccino machine
which has been installed in all the franchise locations.
• A sample of one hundred drinks prepared at the
company’s Stamford store has a mean milk
proportion of 61% and a standard deviation of 3%.
Example: Cappuccino
• Assuming that the process is in control and normally
distributed, what proportion of cappuccino drinks at the
Stamford store will be nonconforming with respect to milk
content?
• Try to calculate the Parts per Million for this process.
• If you were the quality manager for this company, what would
you say to the store manager and/or to the big boss back at
headquarters? What possible actions can be taken at the store
level, without changing the inherent variability of this process,
to reduce the proportion of non-conforming drinks?
Example: Cappuccino
Lower Control Limit
LITN 3
.61 3 .03
.52
Example: Cappuccino
Upper Control Limit
LSTN 3
.61 3 .03
.70
Example: Cappuccino
Nonconformance
Z1 .54 .61 / .03 2.33
Z2 .64 .61 / .03 1.00
Example: Cappuccino
Nonconformance
Example: Cappuccino
Nonconformance
• 0.00990 of the drinks will fall below the lower
specification limit.
• 0.15866 of the drinks will fall above the upper
limit.
• 0.83144 of the drinks will conform.
• Nonconforming:
1.0 - 0.83144 = 0.16856 (16.856%)
Example: Cappuccino
Parts per Million
PPM 1 ,000 ,000 0.169
169,000
(about 1.38 Sigma)
Example: Cappuccino
Costo de no-conformidad
Calcule el costo estimado de una producción
de 1239 tazas de cappuccino si una taza
correcta cuesta $1.27, una taza que no cumple
el LIE cuesta $0.98, y una taza que excede el
LSE cuesta $1.54.
Quality Improvement
• Two Approaches:
– Center the Process between the
Specification Limits
– Reduce Variability
Approach 1: Center the Process
Approach 1: Center the Process
Example: Cappuccino
Approach 1: Center the Process
ZLSL .54 .59 / .03 1.67
ZUSL .64 .59 / .03 1.67
Example: Cappuccino
Approach 1: Center the Process
• 0.04746 of the drinks will fall below the lower
specification limit.
• 0.95254 of the drinks will fall below the upper
limit.
• 0.95254 - 0.04746 = 0.90508 of the drinks will
conform.
• Nonconforming:
1.0 - 0.90508 = 0.09492 (9.492%)
Example: Cappuccino
Approach 1: Center the Process
• Nonconformance decreased from 16.9% to
9.5%.
• The inherent variability of the process did not
change.
• Likely to be within operator’s ability.
Example: Cappuccino
Approach 2: Reduce Variability
• The only way to reduce
nonconformance below 9.5%.
• Requires managerial intervention.
Quality Control
Establish Standard
Operate Measure Performance
Yes
Corrective Action OK? Compare to Standard
No
Ejercicio
El consumo medio bimestral de energía eléctrica en una ciudad es de
59 Kwh., con una desviación típica de 6 Kwh. Se supone que el
consumo se distribuye según una distribución normal.
(a) ¿Cuántos Kwh. tendría que consumir bimestralmente para
pertenecer al 5% de la población que más consume?
(b) Si usted consume 45 Kwh., ¿qué % de la población consume
menos que usted?
Resp.- (a) 67,87 Kwh (b) 1,39%
3-sigma process Spec Limits
2,700 ppm
Normal Curve Probabilities
±1 Sigma 68.3% of Data
±2 Sigmas 95.4%
±3 Sigmas 99.73%
±4 Sigmas 99.994%
±5 Sigmas 99.99994%
±6 Sigmas 99.9999998%
68.3% of Data Fall within 1 Standard Deviation of the Mean
95.4% of Data Fall within 2 Standard Deviations of the Mean
99.73% of Data Fall within 3 Standard Deviations of the Mean
