GLOBAL TRACKING &

8TH SEM

POSITIONING
COURSE CODE:16EC432

By,
Prof Navya R
Dept of Electronics & communication
DSU,SOE
 SYLLABUS
UNIT- I: INTRODUCTION
Satellites, Introduction to Tracking and GPS System, Applications of Satellite and GPS for 3D position, Velocity,
determination as function of time, Interdisciplinary applications(eg,.Crystal dynamics, gravity field mapping,
reference frame, atmospheric occultation)Basic concepts of GPS. Space segment, Control segment, user segment,
History of GPS constellation, GPS measurement characteristics, selective availability (AS), anti-spoofing (AS).
UNIT – II: ORBITS AND REFERENCE SYSTEMS
Basics of Satellite orbits and reference systems-Two-body problem, orbit elements, timer system and timer transfer
using GPS, coordinate systems, GPS Orbit design, orbit determination problem, tracking networks, GPS force and
measurement models for orbit determination, orbit broadcast ephemeris, precise GPS ephemeris. Tracking
problems.
UNIT- III: GPS MEASUREMENTS
GPS Observable-Measurement types (C/A Code,P-code,L1 and L2 frequencies for navigation,pseudo
ranges),atmospheric delays (tropospheric and ionospheric) data format (RINEX),data
combination(narrow/wide lane combinations, ionosphere-free combinations, single,double, triple
differences), undifferenced models, carrier phase Vs Integrated Doppler,integer biases, cycle slips, clock error.
Conti.....
UNIT –IV: PROCESSING TECHNIQUES & APPLICATIONS
Pseudo range and carrier phase processing, ambiguity removal, Least square methods for state
parameter determination, relation positioning, dilution of precision. Surveying,Geophysics, Geodsey,
airborne GPS, Ground-transportation, Spaceborne GPS orbit determination, attitude control,
meteorological and climate research using GPS.
UNIT – V: CONSTELLATIONS AND AUGMENTATION SYSTEMS
Other satellite navigation constellations GLONASS and Galileo IRNS System.: Relative advantages of
SBAS and GBAS, Wide area augmentation system (WAAS) architecture,GAGAN, EGNOS and MSAS.
Local area augmentation system (LAAS) concept.
INTRODUCTION
What is GPS?
•Global positioning system
• Space-based satellite navigation system
•Provides location and time information
•In all weather, anywhere on or near the earth
•Used to refer location and help if you are lost.
•Secure cars, track, your vehicles
•By sending SMS, making a missed call, preset interval or GPS tracking
software for real time online tracking.
Introduction to tracking and GPS
system
•GPS provides continuous positioning and timing information, anywhere in the world under any
weather conditions.
•Under the US Department of defense, GPS was originally intended for military applications but
in the 1980s, they made the system available for civilian use.
•The GPS concept is based on time. The satellites carry very stable atomic clocks that are
synchronized to each other and ground clocks.
•Any drift from true time maintained on the ground is corrected daily.
•GPS receivers have clocks as well however, they are not synchronized with true time, and are
less stable. GPS satellites continuously transmit their current time and position.
•The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based navigations system that provides location
and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the earth where there is an
unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
GPS consist of 3 main
Components
3 Segments:
SPACE SEGMENT
CONTROL SEGMENT
USER SEGMENT
System Description:
•GPS Technology and its application can be conceived by understanding the three components of
GPS.
•Its three components are:
•A. THE SPACE SEGMENT: Consists of satellites and transmitted signals.
•B. THE CONTROL SEGMENT: Consists of ground stations (located around the world) that make
sure the satellites are working properly.
•C. THE USER SEGMENT: Consists of receivers, which you can hold in your hand or mount in your
car.
The Space Segment :
•The Space Segment of the system consists of the GPS satellites. These space vehicles (SVs) send
radio signals from space.
•The Space Segments - consists of the group of minimum 24 Satellites & the signals -that are
broadcast by them, which allow user to determine position velocity & time.
•The basic functions of satellites are - To receive & store data uploaded by Control Segment.
CONSTELLATION:
•The space segment will provide global coverage with four to eight simultaneous observable
satellites above 15 elevation.
SATELLITES,MONITOR STATIONS AND GROUND CONTROL STATIONS
Satellites:
Introduction:
Features offered by satellite communication
•Large areas of the earth are visible from the satellite thus the
satellite can form the star point of a communication net linking
together many users simultaneously
•Provides communication links to remote communication.
•Remote sensing detection of pollution ,weather conditions search
and rescue operations.
APPLICATION OF SATELLITE
•Communication satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet and
military applications
•There are about 2000 communication satellites in earth’s orbit, used by both
private and government organizations.
•Communication satellites use a wide range of radio and microwave frequencies.
The Control Segment
• Control Segments formerly consists of 5 tracking stations situated at Hawaii, Ascension Island,
Diego Garcia, Kwajalein & the Master Control facility is located at Schriever Air force
Base( Formerly Falcon AFB) in Colorado Springs.
•Newly added control stations after 2005 are Washington DC England, Ecuador, Argentina,
Bahrain and Australia.
•These Monitor stations measure signals from the SVs, which are incorporated into orbital
models for each satellites.
•Master stations collect the data about the satellites of this system continuously from the other
tracking stations.
•MCS process the tracking data for computation of satellite ephemerides & satellite clock
parameters.
Conti......
•The Master control station uploads ephemeris and clock data to the SVs. The SVs
then send subsets of the orbital ephemeris data to GPS receivers over radio
signals.
•The MCS also monitor the position of satellites at any instant of time, the
functional capacity of the satellites & variation of the navigation data.
•The computation of satellite‟s Ephemeris & Clock errors are most important
tasks of control stations, as both variables are important to get high accuracy.
The User Segment :
•The GPS user segment consists of the GPS receivers and the user community.
•GPS receivers convert SV signals into position, velocity and time estimates.
•Four satellites are required to compute the four dimensions of X, Y, Z (Position) and Time.
•GPS receivers are used for navigation, positioning, time dissemination and other research.
•Navigation in three dimensions is the primary function of GPS. Navigation receivers are made for
aircraft, ships, and ground vehicles and for hand carrying by individuals.
 Applications Of GPS
•The United States government created the system, maintains it and makes it freely accessible to
anyone with a GPS receiver. The global positioning system provides critical capabilities to
military, civil and commercial users around the world.
A. ROAD TRAFFIC CONGESTION : A navigation device has a GPRS receiver for receiving real time
information about or slow average speed on a stretch of motorway, indicating congestion.
B. TECTONICS : GPS enables direct fault motion measurement of earthquake between
earthquake GPS can be used to measure crustal motion and deformation to estimate seismic
strain build up for creating seismic hazard maps

Geoscientists use GPS to make precise

measurements of position And ground motion
Conti...
•C. GPS AND TERRORISM : GPS is very important to determine the location of terrorist attacker's.
•D. GPS OF MINING : The use of RTK GPS has significantly improved several mining operations
such as drilling, shoveling, vehicle tracking and surveying, RTK GPS provides centimeter-level
positioning accuracy.
•E. GPS AND TOURS : Location determines what content to display.
•F. NAVIGATION : Navigators value digitally precise velocity and orientation measurements.
• FLEET TRACKING : The use of GPS technology to identify, locate and maintain contact reports
with one or more fleet vehicles in real time.
• AGRICULTURE : GPS-based applications in precision farming are being used for farm planning, field
mapping, soil sampling, tractor guidance, crop scouting, variable rate applications, and yield mapping.