ATHOLOGY RAPID REVISION

CELL INJURY
DR.SREETEJA
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• M/C CAUSE OF CELL INJURY ?
• TYPE OF HYPOXIA D/T CYNIDE POISIONING ?
• CELL MOST SENSITIVE TO HYPOXIA ARE ?
• M/C CAUSE OF CELL INJURY ? HYPOXIA
•.TYPE OF HYPOXIA D/T CYNIDE POISIONING ? HISTOTOXIC
HYPOXIA
• CELL MOST SENSITIVE TO HYPOXIA ARE ? NEURONS
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• MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS IS EXAMPLE OF ?
• FIRST MICROSCOPIC CHANGE IN REVERSABLE CELL
INJURY ?
• ONLY NEUCLEAR CHANGE ASSOCIATED WITH
REVERSABLE CELL INJURY ?
• POST CELL DEATH INFLAMATION IS SEEN IN ?
• GEL ELECTROPHORESIS PATTEREN OF
• APOPTOSIS
• NECROSIS
• MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS IS EXAMPLE OF ? METAPLASIA
.
• OTHER Eg- BARRET ESOPHAGUS,KERATOMALACIA

• FIRST MICROSCOPIC CHANGE IN REVERSABLE CELL INJURY ?

HYDROPIC CHANGE/CELLULAR SWELLING

• ONLY NEUCLEAR CHANGE ASSOCIATED WITH REVERSABLE CELL

INJURY ? CLUMPING OF CHROMATIN

• POST CELL DEATH INFLAMATION IS SEEN IN ? NECROSIS

• GEL ELECTROPHORESIS PATTEREN OF

• APOPTOSIS - STEPLADDER PATTERN
• NECROSIS -SMEAR PATTERN
• .PATHOGNOMIC FEATURE OF IRREVERSABLE CELL
. INJURY IS?
• HALLMARK FEATURE OF IRREVERSABLE CELL INJURY
IS?
• M/C TYPE OF NECROSIS IS?
• MICROSCOPIC APPEARENCE IN COAGULATIVE
NECROSIS?
• PANCREATIC PARENCHYMA UNDERGOES WHICH
NECROIS
• PERIPANCREATIC FAT UNDERGOES
• COTTAGE CHEESE APPEARANCE
• CHALKY WHITE APPEARANCE
• ASHOFF BODIES ARE Eg OF WHICH NECROSIS
• .PATHOGNOMIC FEATURE OF IRREVERSABLE CELL INJURY
. MITOCHONDRIAL DENSITIES
IS?
• HALLMARK FEATURE OF IRREVERSABLE CELL INJURY IS?
• M/C TYPE OF NECROSIS IS? CELL MEMBRANE DAMAGE
• MICROSCOPIC APPEARENCE IN COAGULATIVE NECROSIS?
TOMB STONE APPEARANCE
• PANCREATIC PARENCHYMA UNDERGOES WHICH NECROIS?
LIQUIFACTIVE NECROSIS (BRAIN ALSO UNDER GOES
LIQUIFACTIVE NECROSIS)
• PERIPANCREATIC FAT UNDERGOES ? FAT NECROSIS
• COTTAGE CHEESE APPEARANCE? CASEOUS
NECROSIS(TUBERCULOSIS,SARCOIDOSIS,HISTOPLASMOSIS)
• CHALKY WHITE APPEARANCE FAT NECROSIS
• ASCHOFF BODIES Eg OF ? FIBRINOID NECROSIS
•. PHYSIOLOGICAL APOPTOSIS IS SEEN IN?
• COUNCEL MEN BODIES ARE SEEN IN AND THEY ARE Eg
OF .
•. PHYSIOLOGICAL APOPTOSIS IS SEEN IN?
• EMBRYOGENISIS- WEBBED CELLS B/W THE FINGERS
UNDER GOES APOPTOSIS
• MENSTRUAL CYCLE
• INVOLUTION OF THYMUS
• ELIMINATION SELF REACTIVE LYMPHOCYTES

• COUNCEL MEN BODIES ARE SEEN IN AND THEY ARE Eg OF .

• VIRAL HEPATITIS (APOPTOTIC HEPATOCYTES)
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• CLUSTER DISIGNATION OF DEATH RECEPTOR IS?
• P53 IS LOCATED ON CHROMOSOME NUMBER ?
• .INITIATOR CASPASES IN
• INTRENSIC PATHWAY
• EXTRENSIC PATHWAY
• EXECUTIONARY CASPASE IS?
• P53 ARRESTS THE CELL IN ?
•. CLUSTER DISIGNATION OF DEATH RECEPTOR IS?
• CD-95 (FAS)
• P53 IS LOCATED ON CHROMOSOME NUMBER ?CH-17
• .INITIATOR CASPASES IN
• INTRENSIC PATHWAY -9
• EXTRENSIC PATHWAY- 8
• EXECUTIONARY CASPASE IS?-3
• P53 ARRESTS THE CELL IN ? G1
• NOTE ANTI APOPTOTIC GENES ENDS WITH LETTER L
• Eg BCL-1,BCL-2,MCL,BCL-XL
• .DYE USED FOR DIAGNOSIS OF APOPTOSIS ?
• CASPASE INDEPENDENT CELL DEATH IS KNOWN AS?
• PROINFLAMATORY PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IS ?
• WEAR AND TEAR PIGMENT / PIGMENT INDICATOR OF
FREE RADICAL CELL INJURY ?
• PIGMENT WHICH IS SYNTHESIZED FROM TYROSIN ?
• GOLDEN YELLOW PIGMENT SEEN IN BRONZ
DIABITES,HEMACHROMATOSIS ?.
• .DYE USED FOR DIAGNOSIS OF APOPTOSIS ? ANNEXIN V
• CASPASE INDEPENDENT PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IS
KNOWN AS? NECROPTOSIS
• PROINFLAMATORY PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IS ?
• PYROPTOSIS
• WEAR AND TEAR PIGMENT / PIGMENT INDICATOR OF FREE
RADICAL CELL INJURY ? LIPOFUSIN/LIPOCHROME( SEEN IN
BROWN ATROPHY OF LIVER AND HEART)
• PIGMENT WHICH IS SYNTHESIZED FROM TYROSIN ?
MELANIN
• GOLDEN YELLOW PIGMENT SEEN IN BRONZ
DIABITES,HEMACHROMATOSIS ?. HEMOSIDERIN
 .
• DYSTROPHIC CALCIFICATION SEEN IN Eg ? DEAD TISSUES
• M-MENINGIOMA,MESIOTHELIOMA
• O- PAPILLARY CARCINOMA OF OVARY
• S -PAPILLARY CARCINOMA OF SALIVARY GLAND
• T -PAPILLARY CARCINOMA OF THYROID
• P-PROLACTINOMA
• G- GLUCOGANOMA
• NOTE- IN ALL THE ABOVE CANCERS PSAMMOMA BODIES ARE SEEN)
• METASTATIC CALCIFICATION SEEN IN Eg ?
• CONIDITIONS WHERE SERUM CA LEVELS INCREASED
• HYPERPARATHYRIDISM
• VIT D TOXICITY
• MILK ALKALI SYNDROME
• SARCOIDOSIS
• RENAL FAILURE
 .
• STAINS IN PATHOLOGY
• HAEMOSIDERIN -
• COLLAGEN -
• LIPID -
• CA -
• RETICULOCYTES-
• COLLAGEN-
• MELANIN -
• AMYLOID-
• MYELIN-
 .
• STAINS IN PATHOLOGY
• HAEMOSIDERIN - PRUSSIAN BLUE,PERLS STAIN
• COLLAGEN -TRICHROME
• LIPID - SUDAN BLACK B,OIL RED O,OSMIUM TETROXIDE
• CA - VONKOSSA, ALGERIAN RED
• RETICULOCYTES-NEW METHYLENE BLUE,BRILIANT CRESYL
BLUE
• COLLAGEN-MASSON TRICHROME
• MELANIN -MASSON FONTANA
• AMYLOID-CONGO RED
• MYELIN-LUXOL FAST
• .DNA HELICASE DEFECT LEADS TO?-
• VIT WITH ANTI OXIDENT PROPERTIES?
• FIXATIVE USED IN LIGHT MICROSCOPY?
• FIXATIVE USED IN ELECTRON MICROSCOPY?
• BLOTTING TECHNIQUES DONE FOR
• SOUTHREN BLOT -
• NRTHERN BLOT -
• WESTERN BLOT -
• EASTERN BLOT -
 . HELICASE DEFECT LEADS TO?-PROGERIA/ WERNER
• DNA
SYNDROME
• VIT WITH ANTI OXIDENT PROPERTIES? A,C,E( E MOST POWERFUL
ANTIOXIDANT)
• FIXATIVE USED IN LIGHT MICROSCOPY? FORMALINE
• FIXATIVE USED IN ELECTRON MICROSCOPY? GLUTARALDEHYDE
• BLOTTING TECHNIQUES DONE FOR
• SOUTHREN BLOT -DNA
• NRTHERN BLOT -RNA
• WESTERN BLOT - PROTEINS
• EASTERN BLOT -ENZYMES
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RAPID REVISION-INFLA
TION
DR SREETEJA
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• MAIN CELLS INVOLVED IN ACUTE INFLAMATION ?.
• MAIN CELLS INVOLVED IN CHRONIC INFLAMATION
• EARLIEST AND TRANSIENT CHANGE IN ACUTE
INFLAMATION
• MOST DEFINITIVE CHANGE IN ACUTE INFLAMATION ?
• VIRCHOW TRIAD ?
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• MAIN CELLS INVOLVED IN ACUTE INFLAMATION ?.NEUTROPHILS
• MAIN CELLS INVOLVED IN CHRONIC INFLAMATION,MACROPHAGES
• EARLIEST AND TRANSIENT CHANGE IN ACUTE
INFLAMATION,VASOCONSTRICTION
• MOST DEFINITIVE CHANGE IN ACUTE INFLAMATION ? INCREASED
VASCULAR PERMIABILITY
• VIRCHOW TRIAD ?
• ENDOTHELIAL INJURY
• ALTERED BLOOD FLOW (STASIS,TURBULENCE)
• HYPERCOAGULABILITY
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• CELL MOLECULES INVOLVED IN ROLLING.?
• MOLECULES INVOLVED IN ADHESION ?
• IMPORTANT MOLECULE IN
TRANSMIGRATION/DIAPEDISIS?
• UNIDIRECTIONAL MOMENT OF LEUCOCYTE TOWARDS
ANTIGEN IS KNOWN AS ?
• MOLECULES INVOLVED IN CHEMOTAXIS?
• MOLECULES ACTING AS OPSONINS ?
•
.
CELL MOLECULES INVOLVED IN ROLLING.SELECTINS
• MOLECULES INVOLVED IN ADHESION ? INTEGRINS,VCAM
ICAM
• IMPORTANT MOLECULE IN
TRANSMIGRATION/DIAPEDISIS?
• CD31/PECAM
• UNIDIRECTIONAL MOMENT OF LEUCOCYTE TOWARDS
ANTIGEN IS KNOWN AS ? CHEMOTAXIS
• MOLECULES INVOLVED IN CHEMOTAXIS? C5A,IL-8,LTB4,
• MOLECULES ACTING AS OPSONINS ?
C3B,CRP,FIBRINOGEN,FC PORTION OF IgG,IgM
•..DEFECTIVE OPSONIZATION SEEN IN?
• DEFECTIVE PHAGOLYSOSOME FORMATION SEEN IN?
• NADPH OXIDE DEFICIENCY CAUSES ?
• TEST FOR CGD ?
• MAIN SOURCE OF HISTAMINE?
• MAIN SOURCE OF SERATONIN ?
• .DEFECTIVE OPSONIZATION SEEN IN? BURTTONS AGAMMAGLOBINEMIA
.
• DEFECTIVE PHAGOLYSOSOME FORMATION SEEN IN? CHEDIAK-HIGASHI
SYNDROME (LYST GENE MUTATION)

• NADPH OXIDE DEFICIENCY CAUSES ? CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS

DISEASE

• TEST FOR CGD ? NITRO BLUE TETRAZOLIUM TEST

• MAIN SOURCE OF HISTAMINE? MAST CELLS

• MAIN SOURCE OF SERATONIN( 5HT) ? PLATELETS( SERATONIN LEVELS

WILL BE INCREASED IN CARCINOID TUMOURS)
 .
• .MEDIATORS OF FEVER ?
• MROPHAGES WITH DIFFERENT NAMES
• CT-
• BONE-
• BRAIN-
• SKIN-
• SPLEEN-
• PLACENTA-
• MARKERS OF NK CELLS-
 .
• .MEDIATORS OF FEVER ? IL-1,IL-6,PGE2,TNF-a
• MROPHAGES WITH DIFFERENT NAMES
• CT- HISTIOCYTES
• BONE- OSTEOCLASTS
• BRAIN- MICROGLIAL CELLS
• SKIN- LANGERHANS CELLS
• SPLEEN- LITTORAL CELLS
• PLACENTA- HOFFBAUR CELLS
• MARKERS OF NK CELLS- CD16,56
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• GAINT(FUSED MACROPHAGES) CELLS IN DISEASES ?
• TB-
• MEASELES-
• HODGKINS LYMPHOMA-
• XANTHOMA-
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• GAINT(FUSED MACROPHAGES) CELLS IN DISEASES ?
• TB- LANGHANS GAINT CELLS
• MEASELES- WARTHIN FINKEDLAY CELLS
• HODGKINS LYMPHOMA- REIDSTEIN BERG CELLS
• XANTHOMA- TUTON GAINT CELLS
 .
RAPID REVISION
GENETICS
DR.SREETEJA
.
• DISEASES WHICH FOLLOW NON MENDELIAN
INHERITENCE?
• DISEASES WITH MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITENCE?
.
• DISEASES WHICH FOLLOW NON MENDELIAN INHERITENCE?
• TRINEUCLEOTIDE REPEAT DISEASES
• MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITENCE
• GENOMIC IMPRINTING
• MOSACISM
• DISEASES WITH MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITENCE?
• DIAIBITUS MELLITUS
• HYPERTENSION
• CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
• GOUT
• CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES
•..MARFAN SYNDROME MUTATED GENE?
• M/C OF DEATH IN MARFAN SYNDROME ?
• X CHROMOSOME IS ?
• YCHROMOSOME IS?
• TYPE OF CHROMOSOMES ABSENT IN HUMANS?
• EHLERS DANLOS SYNDROME COLLAGEN AFFECTED IS ?
•..MARFAN SYNDROME MUTATED GENE? FIBRILLIN 1
• M/C OF DEATH IN MARFAN SYNDROME ? AORTIC
DISECTION
• X CHROMOSOME IS ? SUBMETACENTRIC
• YCHROMOSOME IS? ACROCENTRIC
• TYPE OF CHROMOSOMES ABSENT IN HUMANS?
TELOCENTRIC
• EHLERS DANLOS SYNDROME COLLAGEN AFFECTED IS ?
• COLLAGEN TYPE 3
 .
• MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITENCE ?
 .
• MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITENCE ?-PURELY MATERNAL
• ALL OFFSPRINGS WILL BE AFFECTED
• AFFECTED DAUGHTERS SPREAD DISEASE ,AFFECTED
SONS DOSENOT SPREAD DISEASE
• LEBER HERIDRITORY OPTIC NEUROPATHY
• MYOCLONIC EPILEPSY
• NARP (NEUROPATHY ATAXIA RETINITIS OIGMENTOSA)
• LEIGHS SYNDROME
• MELAS (MITOCHONDRIAL ENCEPHALOPATHY LACTIC ACID
STROKE LIKE SYNDROME)
• MNEMONIC-LMNL MELAS(LOWER MOTAR NEURON LESION)
•.GENOMIC IMPRINTING EG?
• PRADERWILLI SYNDROME-
• ANGELMANS SYNDROME-
• ANGELMANS BABIES ARE KNOWN AS-
•.GENOMIC IMPRINTING EG?
• PRADERWILLI SYNDROME- PATERNAL 15q DELITION/
MATERNAL DISOMY 15
• ANGELMANS SYNDROME- MATERNAL 15q
DELITION/PATERNAL DISOMY 15
• ANGELMANS BABIES ARE KNOWN AS- HAPPY PUPPETS
• TRIUCLEOTIDE REPEAT DISEASES?
.
• FRAGILE X SYNDROME-
• HUNTINGTONS DISEASE-
• FREIDRICHS ATAXIA-
• MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY.-
• TRIUCLEOTIDE REPEAT DISEASES?
.
• FRAGILE X SYNDROME- CGG
• HUNTINGTONS DISEASE- CAG
• MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY.- CTG
• FREIDRICHS ATAXIA- GAA
• ..DISEASES WITH EXTRA AUTOSOMES?
• DOWNS SYNDROME-
• EDWARD SYNDROME-
• PATAU SYNDROME-
• ..DISEASES WITH EXTRA AUTOSOMES?
• DOWNS SYNDROME- TRISOMY21
• EDWARD SYNDROME- TRISOMY 18
• PATAU SYNDROME- TRISOMY 13
• .DOWNS SYNDROME ?
• M/C CHROMOSOMAL DISORDER
• M/C OF HERIDRITARY MENTAL RETARDATION
• FACE-
• EYES-
• HANDS-
• HEART-
• GIT-
• CANCER-
• CNS-
• .DOWNS SYNDROME ?
• M/C CHROMOSOMAL DISORDER
• M/C OF HERIDRITARY MENTAL RETARDATION
• FACE-MONGOIOID FACIAL FEATURES
• EYES-BRUSH FEILD SPOTS.
• HANDS-PALMAR SIMIAN CREASE
• HEART-ENDOCARDIAL CUSHION DEFECTS
• GIT-DUODENAL ATRESIA (DOUBLE BUBBLE SIGN)
• HIRSPRUNG DISEASE
• CANCER- INCREASED REISK OF ALL(ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC
LEUKEMIA
• CNS- ALL INDIVIDUALS ARE AT INCREASED OF ALZHIMERS DISEASE
BY 40 YEARS OF AGE
IDENTIFY.

•.
ROCKER BOTTOM FOOT -EDWARD SYNDROME

•.
 .
• .TURNER SYNDROME
• CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY -
• COMMON CAUSE OF-
• C/F-
• CONGENITAL HEART DEFECT-
• CANCERS
 .
• .TURNER SYNDROME
• CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY - 45X0
• COMMON CAUSE OF- FEMALE HYPOGONAIDISM
• C/F- SHORT STATURE ,WEBBED NECK,SHEILD LIKE
CHEST,WIDLEY SPACED NIPPLES,STREAK
OVARIES,HYPOTHYROIDISM
• CONGENITAL HEART DEFECT- COARCTATION OF AORTA
• CANCERS-INCREASED RISK OF GONADOBLASTOMA
• KLENIFELTER SYNDROME ?
.
• CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY-
• C/F .
• KLENIFELTER SYNDROME ?
.
• CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY-47 XXY
• C/F .TALLER THAN AVERAGE HEIGHT
• TESTICULAR ATROPHY
• HIPITCHED VOICE
• GYNACOMASTIA
• INFERTILITY
• LABS-ELEVATED LEVELS OF LH AND FSH AND LOW LEVELS
OF TESTOSTERON
•. DI GEORGE SYNDROME
• GENITIC DEFECT -.
• EMBRYOGENISIS DEFECT-
• ORGAN APLASIA ?
•. DI GEORGE SYNDROME
• GENITIC DEFECT -.22q11.2 delition
• EMBRYOGENISIS DEFECT- 3rd AND 4th PHARENGIAL
POUCHES ABSENT
• ORGAN HYPOPLASIA ?-PARATHYROID AND THYMIC
APLASIA
• OTHER MOST IMP TOPIC IN GENITICS -PATTERN OF
INHERITENCE (AD AR,XLD,XLR) NEVER MISS
THANK YOU